miércoles, 14 de noviembre de 2012

Haplogroup J1 (Y-DNA)

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Haplogroup J1
Possible time of origin	4,000-34,000 years before present^[1]
Possible place of origin	Western Asia
Ancestor	J
Descendants	J1a, J1b, J1c
Defining mutations	M267
Highest frequencies	J1* in the Caucasus (including Dagestan). J1c3d in Semitic populations.

In human genetics, Y DNA haplogroup J1, also known as J-M267, is a sub-haplogroup of Y DNA haplogroup J, along with its sibling clade Y DNA haplogroup J2. Men with this type of Y DNA share a common paternal ancestry, which is demonstrated and defined by the presence of the SNP mutation referred to as M267, which was announced in Cinnioğlu et al. (2004). This haplogroup is found today in significant frequencies in many areas in order near the Middle East. For example it is amongst the most frequent haplogroups in Arabian Peninsula, and parts of the Caucasus, Sudan and the Horn of Africa. It is also found in somewhat less frequencies in parts North Africa and Jews in general (especially Jews with Cohen surnames). It can also be found much less commonly, but still occasionally in significant amounts, in Europe and as far east as the Indian subcontinent and Central Asia.

Variants of J1 and origins discussion

J1 has several recognized sub-clades, some of which were recognized before J1 itself was recognized, for example J-M62.^[2] But with one notable exception, J1c3, most of these are not common.^[3] Because of the dominance of J1c3 in J1 populations in many areas, discussion of J1's origins require a discussion of J1c3 at the same time. As a basic observation, since the discovery of haplogroup J (often referred to as EU10 in older studies) it has generally been recognized that it shows signs of having originated in or near the Middle East. The frequency and diversity of both J1 and J2 in that region makes them candidates as genetic markers of the spread of farming technology during the Neolithic, which is proposed to have had a major impact upon human populations.

J1c3

The P58 marker which defines subgroup J1c3 (previously J1e) was first announced in Karafet et al. (2008), but had been announced earlier under the name "Page08" in 2006 in Repping, Van Daalen & Brown (2006).^[4] It is very prevalent in many areas where J1 is common, especially in parts of North Africa and throughout the Arabian peninsula, but notably it is not common amongst the J1 populations in the Caucasus, and it also only makes up approximately 70% of the J1 amongst the Amhara of Ethiopia.
Chiaroni et al. (2010) propose that J1c3 (which they refer to as J1e) might have first dispersed during the Pre-Pottery Neolithic B period, "from a geographical zone, including northeast Syria, northern Iraq and eastern Turkey toward Mediterranean Anatolia, Ismaili from southern Syria, Jordan, Palestine and northern Egypt". Specifically they propose that the Zarzian material culture may be ancestral. They also propose that this movement of people may also be linked to the dispersal of semitic languages by hunter-herders, who moved into arid areas during periods known to have had low rainfall. Thus while other haplogroups including J2 moved out of the area with agriculturalists who followed the rainfall, populations carrying J1 remained with their flocks.^[5]^[6]
According to this scenario, after the initial neolithic expansion involving Semitic languages, which possibly reached as far as Yemen, a more recent dispersal occurred during the Chalcolithic or Early Bronze Age (approximately 3000–5000 BCE), and this involved the branch of Semitic which leads to the Arabic language. The authors propose that this involved a spread of some J1c3 from the direction of Syria towards Arab populations of the Arabian Peninsula and Negev.
On the other hand, the authors agree that later waves of dispersion in and around this area have also had complex effects upon the distributions of some types of J1c3 in some regions. They list three regions which are particularly important to their proposal:

The Levant (Syria, Jordan, Israel and Palestine). In this area, Chiaroni et al. note a "patchy distribution of J1e frequency" which is difficult to interpret, and which "may reflect the complex demographic dynamics of religion and ethnicity in the region".
The northern area of eastern Anatolia, northern Iraq and northwest Iran. In this area, Chiaroni et al. recognize signs that J1 might have an older presence, and on balance they accept the evidence but note that it could be in error.
The southern area of Oman, Yemen and Ethiopia. In this area, Chiaroni et al. recognize similar signs, but reject it as possible a result of "either sampling variability and/or demographic complexity associated with multiple founders and multiple migrations".

The "YCAII=22-22 and DYS388≥15" cluster

Not only is the J1c3 or J-P58 group itself very dominant in many areas where J1 is common, but J1c3 in turn contains a large cluster which had been recognized before the discovery of P58, and is still a subject of recent research. This relatively young cluster, compared to J1 overall, was identified by STR markers haplotypes - specifically YCAII as 22-22, and DYS388 having unusual repeat values of 15 or higher, instead of more typical 13.^[4] This cluster was found to be relevant in some well-publicized studies of Jewish and Palestinian populations.^[7]^[8] More generally, since then this cluster has been found to be frequent amongst men in the Middle East and North Africa, but less frequent in areas of Ethiopia and Europe where J1 is nevertheless common. The pattern is therefore similar to the pattern of J1c3 generally, described above, and may be caused by the same movements of people.^[4]

Tofanelli et al. (2009) refers to this overall cluster with YCAII=22-22 and high DYS388 values as an "Arabic" as opposed to a "Eurasian" type of J1. This Arabic type includes Arabic speakers from Maghreb, Sudan, Iraq and Qatar, and it is a relatively homogeneous group, implying that it might have dispersed relatively recently compared to J1 generally. The more diverse "Eurasian" group includes Europeans, Kurds, Iranians and Ethiopians (despite Ethiopia being outside of Eurasia), and is much more diverse. The authors also say that "Omanis show a mix of Eurasian pool-like and typical Arabic haplotypes as expected, considering the role of corridor played at different times by the Gulf of Oman in the dispersal of Asian and East African genes." (Note that Chiaroni et al. (2010) also noted the anomalously high apparent age of Omani J1 when looking more generally at J1c3 and J1 more generally.)

This cluster in turn contains three well-known related sub-clusters. First, it contains the majority of the Jewish "Cohen modal haplotype", found amongst Jewish populations, but especially in men with surnames related to Cohen. It also contains both the so-called "Galilee modal haplotype" and "Palestian & Israeli Arab modal haplotype" associated with Palestinians and Israeli Arabs by Nebel et al. (2000).^[8] Nebel et al. (2002) then pointed out that this so called Galilee modal is also the most frequent type of J haplotype found in northwest Africans, and in Yemen, so it is not isolated to the area of Israel and the Palestine. But notably, this particular variant "is absent from two distinct non-Arab Middle Eastern populations, Jews and Muslim Kurds", even though both these populations do have high levels of J haplotypes.

Nebel et al. (2002) noted not only the presence of the Galilee modal of J1 in the Maghreb but also that J1 in this region had very little diversity generally. They concluded that J1 in this region "is derived not only from early Neolithic dispersions but also from recent expansions from the Arabian peninsula" proposing that they might have been carried from the Middle East with the Arab expansion in the seventh century AD. Semino et al. (2004) later agreed that this seemed consistent with the evidence and generalized from this that distribution of the entire YCAII=22-22 cluster of J1 in the Arabic speaking areas of the Middle East and North Africa might in fact mainly have an origin in historical times.

More recent studies have emphasized doubt that the Islamic expansions are old enough to completely explain the major patterns of J1 frequencies. Chiaroni et al. (2010) rejected this for J1c3 (J-P58) as a whole, but accepted that "some of the populations with low diversity, such as Bedouins from Israel, Qatar, Sudan and UAE, are tightly clustered near high-frequency haplotypes suggesting founder effects with star burst expansion in the Arabian Desert". They did not comment on the Maghreb.
Tofanelli et al. (2009) take a stronger position of rejecting any strong correlation between the Arab expansion and either the YCAII=22-22 STR-defined sub-cluster as discussed by Semino et al. (2004) or the smaller "Galilee modal" as discussed by Nebel et al. (2002). They also estimate that the Cohen modal haplotype must be older than 4500 years old, and maybe as much as 8600 years old - well before the supposed origin of the Cohanim. Only the so called Palestinian & Israeli Arab modal had a strong correlation to an ethnic group, but it was also rare. In conclusion, the authors were negative about the usefulness of STR defined modals for any "forensic or genealogical purposes" because "they were found across ethnic groups with different cultural or geographic affiliation".
Hammer et al. (2009) disagreed, at least concerning the Cohen modal haplotype. They said that it was necessary to look at a more detailed STR haplotype in order to define a new "Extended Cohen Modal Haplotype" which is extremely rare outside Jewish populations, and even within Jewish populations is mainly only found in Cohanim. They also said that by using more markers and a more restrictive definition, the estimated age of the Cohanim lineage is lower than the estimates of Tofanelli et al., and consistent with a common ancestor at the approximate time of founding of the priesthood which is the source of Cohen surnames.

J1c3a

The correspondence between P58 and high DYS388 values, and YCAII=22-22 is not perfect. For example the J1c3a sub-clade of J-P58 defined by SNP M368 has DYS388=13 and YCAII=19-22, like other types of J1 outside the "Arabic" type of J1, and it is therefore believed to be a relatively old offshoot of J-P58, that did not take part in the most recent waves of J1 expansion in the Middle East.^[4] These DYS388=13 haplotypes are most common in the Caucasus and Anatolia, but also found in Ethiopia.^[3]

Tree

This phylogeny or family tree of J1 haplogroup subclades is based on the ISOGG (2012) tree, which is in turn based upon the YCC 2008 tree^[9] and subsequent published research.

J1 (L255, L321, M267)
- J1* J1* clusters are found in Eastern Anatolia & parts of the Caucasus.^[10]
- J1a (M62) found in a very small frequency in Britain.
- J1b (M365.1) found in a small frequency in Eastern Anatolia, Iran & parts of Europe.^[11]
- J1c (L136)
  - J1c* Found in a very small frequency in Europe.^[12]
  - J1c1 (M390)
  - J1c2 (P56) found sporadically in Anatolia, East Africa, the Arabian Peninsula & Europe.^[12]
  - J1c3 (P58/PAGES00008)
    - J1c3* found in a low frequency in the Levant & the Arabian Peninsula. ^[12]
    - J1c3a (M367.1, M368.1) - formerly J1e1
    - J1c3b (M369) - formerly J1e2
    - J1c3c (L92, L93) found in a small frequency in South Arabia. ^[12]
    - J1c3d (L147.1) accounts for the majority J1, the predominant haplogroup in Yemen.^[13]
      - J1c3d* accounts for the majority of J1 in Yemen, Cohen Jews and Ethiopia.^[12] as well as Quraysh including Seyyed^[14]
      - J1c3d1 (L174.1)
      - J1c3d2 (L222.2) Found in the majority of J1c3d in Saudi Arabia & Sudan. An important element of J1c3d in North Africa. ^[15]
        
        J1c3d2*
        
        J1c3d2a (L65.2/S159.2)

Distribution

Caucasus

The Caucasus has areas of both high and low J1 frequency. The J1 in the Caucasus is also notable because most of it is not within the J-P58 sub-clade.

Population	Sample size	total J1	J1 but not P58	J-P58 (J1c3)	publication
Avars	115	59.0%	58.0%	1.0%	Balanovsky et al. (2011)
Dargins	101	70.0%	69.0%	1.0%	Balanovsky et al. (2011)
Kubachi	65	99.0%	99.0%	0.0%	Balanovsky et al. (2011)
Kaitak	33	85.0%	85.0%	0.0%	Balanovsky et al. (2011)
Lezghins	81	44.4%	44.4%	0.0%	Balanovsky et al. (2011)
Shapsug	100	0.0%	0.0%	0.0%	Balanovsky et al. (2011)
Abkhaz	58	0.0%	0.0%	0.0%	Balanovsky et al. (2011)
Circassians	142	11.9%	4.9%	7.0%	Balanovsky et al. (2011)
Ingush	143	2.8%	2.8%	0.0%	Balanovsky et al. (2011)
Ossets	357	1.3%	1.3%	0.0%	Balanovsky et al. (2011)
Chechens (Ingushetia)	112	21.0%	21.0%	0.0%	Balanovsky et al. (2011)
Chechens (Chechnya)	118	25.0%	25.0%	0.0%	Balanovsky et al. (2011)
Chechens (Dagestan)	100	16.0%	16.0%	0.0%	Balanovsky et al. (2011)
Azerbaijan	46	15.2%	NA	NA	Di Giacomo et al. (2004)

Northern Middle East

As discussed above, the area including eastern Turkey and the Zagros and Taurus mountains, has been identified as a likely area of ancient J1 diversity. Both J-P58 and other types of J1 are present, sometimes with similar frequencies.

Population	Sample size	total J1	J1 but not P58	J-P58 (J1c3)	publication	previous research on same samples
Turkey	523	9.0%	3.1%	5.9%	Chiaroni et al. (2010)	Cinnioğlu et al. (2004)
Iran	150	11.3%	2.7%	8.7%	Chiaroni et al. (2010)	Regueiro et al. (2006)
Kurds Iraq	93	11.8%	4.3%	7.5%	Chiaroni et al. (2010)
Assyrians modern Iraq	28	28.6%	17.9%	10.7%	Chiaroni et al. (2010)
Iraq (Nassiriya)	56	26.8%	1.8%	25.0%	Chiaroni et al. (2010)	Tofanelli et al. (2009)
Assyrians Iran	31	16.1%	9.7%	6.5%	Chiaroni et al. (2010)
Iran	92	3.2%	NA	NA	El-Sibai et al. (2009)
Assyrians Turkey	25	20.0%	16.0%	4.0%	Chiaroni et al. (2010)

Levant and Jewish populations

J1 is very common throughout this region, dominated by J-P58, but some specific sub-populations have notably low frequencies.

Population	Sample size	total J1	J1 but not P58	J-P58 (J1c3)	publication	previous research on same samples
Syria	554	33.6%	NA	NA	El-Sibai et al. (2009)	Zalloua et al. (2008)
Druzes (Djebel Druze)	34	14.7%	2.9%	11.8%	Chiaroni et al. (2010)
Syria (Sunni from Hama)	36	47.2%	2.8%	44.4%	Chiaroni et al. (2010)
Syria (Ma'loula Aramaean)	44	6.8%	4.5%	2.3%	Chiaroni et al. (2010)
Syria (Sednaya Syriac Catholic)	14	14.3%	0.0%	14.3%	Chiaroni et al. (2010)
Syrian Catholic Damascus	42	9.5%	0.0%	9.5%	Chiaroni et al. (2010)
Alawites Syria	45	26.7%	0.0%	26.7%	Chiaroni et al. (2010)
Assyrian NE Syria	30	3.3%	0.0%	3.3%	Chiaroni et al. (2010)
Ismaili Damascus	51	58.8%	0.0%	58.8%	Chiaroni et al. (2010)
Lebanon	951	18.9%	NA	NA	Zalloua et al. (2008)
Galilee Druze	172	13.4%	1.2%	12.2%	Chiaroni et al. (2010)	Shlush et al. (2008)
Palestinians (Akka (Acre))	101	39.2%	NA	NA	Zalloua et al. (2008)
Palestine	49	32.7%	0.0%	32.7%	Chiaroni et al. (2010)
Jordan	76	48.7%	0.0%	48.7%	Chiaroni et al. (2010)
Jordan	273	35.5%	NA	NA	El-Sibai et al. (2009)
Jordan (Amman)	101	40.6%	NA	NA	Flores et al. (2005)
Jordan (Dead Sea)	45	8.9%	NA	NA	Flores et al. (2005)
Jews (Portugal/Trás-os-Montes)	57	12.3%	NA	NA	Nogueiro et al. (2010)
Jews (Cohanim)	215	46.0%	0.0%	46.0%	Hammer et al. (2009)
Jews (non Cohanim)	1,360	14.9%	0.9%	14.0%	Hammer et al. (2009)
Bedouin Negev	28	67.9%	3.6%	64.3%	Chiaroni et al. (2010)	Cann et al. (2002)

Arabian peninsula

J-P58 is the most common Y DNA haplogroup amongst men from all of this region.

Population	Sample size	total J1	J1 but not P58	J-P58 (J1c3)	publication	previous research on same samples
Saudi Arabia	12	33.3%	0.0%	33.3%	Chiaroni et al. (2010)	Tofanelli et al. (2009)
Saudi Arabia	157	40.1%	NA	NA	Abu-Amero et al. (2009)
Qatar	72	58.3%	1.4%	56.9%	Chiaroni et al. (2010)	Cadenas et al. (2008)
UAE	164	34.8%	0.0%	34.8%	Chiaroni et al. (2010)	Cadenas et al. (2008)
Yemen	62	72.6%	4.8%	67.7%	Chiaroni et al. (2010)	Cadenas et al. (2008)
Kuwait	42	33.3%	NA	NA	El-Sibai et al. (2009)
Oman	121	38.0%	0.8%	37.2%	Chiaroni et al. (2010)	Luis et al. (2004)

North Africa

North Africa received Semitic migrations, according to some studies it may have been diffused in recent time by Arabs who, mainly from the 7th century a.d., expanded to northern Africa.^[16]^[17] (However the Canary islands is not known to have had any semitic language.) Their J1 is dominated by J-P58, and dispersed in a very un-even manner according to studies so far, often but not always being lower amongst Berber and/or non-urban populations. But in the Ethiopia there are signs of older movements of J1 into Africa across the Red Sea, not only in the J-P58 form. This also appears to be associated with Semitic languages. According to a recent study in 2011, in Tunisia, J1-M267 is significantly more abundant in the urban (31.3%) than in the rural total population (2.5%). According to the authors, these results could be explained by supposing that Arabization in Tunisia was a military enterprise, therefore, mainly driven by men that displaced native Berbers to geographically marginal areas but that frequently married Berber women.^[18]

Population	Sample size	J but not J2	total J1	J1 but not P58	J-P58 (J1c3)	publication	previous research on same samples
Algeria (Arabs from Oran)	102	NA	22.5%	NA	NA	Robino et al. (2008)
Algeria	20	NA	35%	NA	NA	Semino et al. (2004)
Egypt	147	NA	21.1%	1.4%	19.7%	Chiaroni et al. (2010)	Luis et al. (2004)
Egypt	124	NA	19.8%	NA	NA	El-Sibai et al. (2009)
Egypt (Western Desert)	35	NA	31.4%	NA	NA	Kujanová et al. (2009)
Libya (Tuareg)	47	NA	0.0%	NA	NA	Ottoni et al. (2011)
Morocco (Amizmiz Valley)	33	NA	0%	NA	NA	Alvarez et al. (2009)
Morocco	51	NA	19.6%	NA	NA	Onofri et al. (2008)
Morocco (Arabs)	49	NA	10.2%	NA	NA	Semino et al. (2004)
Morocco (Arabs)	44	NA	13.6%	NA	NA	Semino et al. (2004)
Morocco (Berbers)	64	NA	6.3%	NA	NA	Semino et al. (2004)
Morocco (Berbers)	103	NA	7.8%	NA	NA	Semino et al. (2004)
Tunisia	73	NA	30.1%	NA	NA	Semino et al. (2004)
Tunisia (Tunis)	148	NA	32.4%	1.3%	31.1%	Grugni et al. (2012)	Arredi et al. (2004)
Tunisia	52	NA	34.6%	NA	NA	Onofri et al. (2008)
Tunisia (Bou Omrane Berbers)	40	NA	0%	NA	NA	Ennafaa et al. (2011)
Tunisia (Bou Saad Berbers)	40	NA	5%	0%	5%	Ennafaa et al. (2011)
Tunisia (Jerbian Arabs)	46	NA	8.7%	NA	NA	Ennafaa et al. (2011)
Tunisia (Jerbian Berbers)	47	NA	0%	NA	NA	Ennafaa et al. (2011)
Tunisia (Sened Berbers)	35	NA	31.4%	0%	31.4%	Fadhlaoui-Zid et al. (2011)
Tunisia (Andalusian Zaghouan)	32	NA	43.8%	0%	43.8%	Fadhlaoui-Zid et al. (2011)
Tunisia (Cosmopolitan Tunis)	33	NA	24.2	0%	24.2%	Fadhlaoui-Zid et al. (2011)
Canary Islands (pre-Hispanic)	30	NA	16.7%	NA	NA	Fregel et al. (2009)
Canary Islands (17th-18thC))	42	NA	11.9%	NA	NA	Fregel et al. (2009)
Canary Islands	652	NA	3.5%	NA	NA	Fregel et al. (2009)
Sahrawi	89	NA	20.2%	NA	NA	Fregel et al. (2009)	Bosch et al. 2001; Flores et al. 2001
Sudan (Khartoum)	35	NA	74.3%	0.0%	74.3%	Chiaroni et al. (2010)	Tofanelli et al. (2009), Hassan et al. (2008)
Sudan-Arabic	35	NA	17.1%	0.0%	17.1%	Chiaroni et al. (2010)	Hassan et al. (2008)
Sudan (Nilo-Saharan languages)	61	NA	4.9%	3.3%	1.6%	Chiaroni et al. (2010)	Hassan et al. (2008)
Ethiopia Oromo	78	NA	2.6%	2.6%	0.0%	Chiaroni et al. (2010)	Semino et al. (2004)
Ethiopia Amhara	48	NA	29.2%	8.3%	20.8%	Chiaroni et al. (2010)	Semino et al. (2004)
Ethiopia Arsi	85	22%	NA	NA	NA	^[19]
Ethiopia General	95	21%	NA	NA	NA	^[19]
Comoros Islands	293	NA	5.0%	NA	NA	Msaidie et al. (2011)

Europe

J1 is not common in most of Europe, but it is found in some sub-populations in southern Europe.

Population	Sample size	total J1	J1 but not P58	J-P58 (J1c3)	publication
Crete	193	8.3%	NA	NA	King et al. (2008)
Greece (mainland)	171	4.7%	NA	NA	King et al. (2008)
Macedonia (Greece)	56	1.8%	NA	NA	Semino et al. (2004)
Greece	249	1.6%	NA	NA	Di Giacomo et al. (2004)
Bulgaria	39	5.1%	NA	NA	Di Giacomo et al. (2004)
Romania	130	1.5%	NA	NA	Di Giacomo et al. (2004)
Russia	223	0.4%	NA	NA	Di Giacomo et al. (2004)
Republic of Macedonia Albanian speakers	64	6.3%	NA	NA	Battaglia et al. (2008)
Albania	56	3.6%	NA	NA	Semino et al. (2004)
Croats (Osijek)	29	0.0%	NA	NA	Battaglia et al. (2008)
Slovenia	75	1.3%	NA	NA	Battaglia et al. (2008)
Italians (northeast)	67	0.0%	NA	NA	Battaglia et al. (2008)
Italians	915	0.7%	NA	NA	Capelli et al. (2009)
Sicily	236	3.8%	NA	NA	Di Gaetano et al. (2008)
Provence	51	2%	NA	NA	King et al. (2011)
Portugal (North)	101	1.0%	NA	NA	Gonçalves et al. (2005)
Portugal (Centre)	102	4.9%	NA	NA	Gonçalves et al. (2005)
Portugal (South)	100	7.0%	NA	NA	Gonçalves et al. (2005)
Açores	121	2.5%	NA	NA	Gonçalves et al. (2005)
Madeira	129	0.0%	NA	NA	Gonçalves et al. (2005)

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Y Chromosomes of Iberia reflect Sephardic and Moorish Origins?

A recent article in the American Journal of Human Genetics, The Genetic Legacy of Religious Diversity and Intolerance: Paternal LIneages of Christians, Jews and Muslims in the Iberian Peninsula attempts to estimate the percentage of Sephardic Jewish and Moorish origins in the present day Iberian population. The results yielded very surprising figures; that upwards of 20% of Iberian Y Chromosomes are of Sephardic Jewish origin and 10% could be of Moorish origin. The history of Iberia certainly records the presence and impact of these 2 cultural groups on the peninsula. This article represents the first attempt using genetics to estimate levels of religious conversion that happened during the Spanish Inquisition period.

The study included 1140 DNA samples from Iberia, representing a hugely informative look at the haplogroups of Spain and Portugal as well as long awaited data on the Sephardic Jewish communities mostly originating from Belmonte, Bulgaria, Djerba, and Turkey. The data itself shows that of the 14 haplogroups found in the Sephardic Jewish community, M172, Haplogroup J2 is the most frequent haplogroup overall, representing 25% of this population group.

This was followed closely by M267, Haplogroup J1 which represented 22% of the total. In the Iberian Peninsula, M172, Haplogroup J2 was most frequent in the south, 15% in Southern Portugal, 14% in Western Andalusia and 12% in Extremadura. Interestingly, the Balaeric Islands showed lower levels of M172, Haplogroup J2 in Majorca, Minorca and Ibiza at 8, 3 and 4% respectively.

One glaring observation which might challenge the conclusions of the article is the ratio of J:J2 found in the Sephardic Jewish population compared to that of the Iberian population. This ratio is 0.88 (22% vs 25%) in the Separdich Jewish population but only 0.125 (1% vs 8%) in the Iberian Population. If one was to assume the converted Jewish population of Iberia contained a similar genetic makeup to present day Sephardic Jewish communities, looking at Haplogroup J1 as a defining marker, the amount of Sephardic ancestry could not exceed 5% since J1 makes up 22% of present day Sephardic Jews but was found in only 1% of Iberians.

From this perspective, the articles conclusions of a 20% Sephardic Jewish ancestry seem lofty. The study's approach was to look at the genetic markers of the Basque population, Moroccan population and present day Sephardic Jewish population to represent Iberian, Moorish and Sephardic ancestry respectively.

It then compared this data with that of the 1140 Iberian Y-Chromosomes from the study. Again, the study seems to largely discount the possible input of Phoenician or other near eastern populations as a source for the present day genetic makeup of the Iberian Y chromosome data assuming both Phoenician and Greek impact would be in the eastern parts of Iberia and not in the West where most Haplogroup J2 and J is found.

The authors also note a good degree of Haplotype sharing (exact matches) at 3.6% between Sephardic Jewish haplotypes and Iberian Haplotypes. The study also notes the Sephardic sample which is taken from a small group of individuals would have been subject to Founder effect, bottlenecks and other factors which might reduce haplotype diversity.

Looking at the impact of the Moors, the study does provide good evidence linking E3b (M81) to a Moorish population originating in North Africa. The low diversity of this genetic marker comparing North African and Iberian M81 haplotypes supports a very recent common origin, likely brought to Iberia by the Islamic Moors, who controlled the Peninsula for 700 years.

Overall the study does a good job of a very difficult task in attempting to uncover the genetic history of Iberia and how its recent history has had a profound impact on its present day population which undoubtedly includes both Sephardic Jewish and Moorish origins.

5 comments:

Al Aburto said...: This article illustrates a (perhaps significant) problem with the population sampling process. Data from two different articles for Galicia, Spain, illustrates the problem. Brion et al (2004) studied the haplogroup distribution of Galicia, Spain, specifically with 292 samples and found that haplogroup Y-DNA J occurred at a frequency of 49/292 ~ 17%, clearly different from the 7/88 ~ 8% from the Adams et al (2008) paper. The problem is that studies like Adams et al (2008) assume no error in the frequency estimates when in truth there is considerable error.

Another problem is that Phoenicians from Byblos and Tyre (Lebanon) were confused with the Carthaginians. If the authors of Adams et al (2008) had read the book by Maria Aubet, "The Phoenicians and the West", they would have realized that the Phoenicians in Iberia had a long history already (not only in the east but west too) before Carthage.

For me the most useful aspect of this article is the publication of haplotype data. This data alone makes the article very valuable.; December 28, 2008 8:05 AM
Anonymous said...: This study is deeply flawed in its goals and methodology. Dividing the population of Iberia, a European land mass containing in excess of 55 million people, into three arbitrarily broad genetic categories and then, on the basis of limited testing, offering an opinion of a 20% Sephardic Y component that resulted from "forced conversions" in the 14th and 15th centuries, is absurd. The historical record (summarily pronounced "biased" by the authors)does not support anything remotely close to this finding. A 3% to 5% Sephardic presence is closer to reality.

Some of the M-81 found in Iberia today is young enough to qualify as 8th century in origin. Probably more than half of it is much older.

As for the 20% Sephardic opinion, one of the study's leading authors noted in "Science News":

“We think it might be an over estimate,” says Francesc Calafell, a human population geneticist at the Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Pompeu Fabra University in Barcelona, Spain. Calafell and Mark Jobling at the University of Leicester in England led the study.

The genetic makeup of Sephardic Jews is probably common to other Middle Eastern populations, such as the Phoenicians, that also settled the Iberian Peninsula, Calafell says. “In our study, that would have all fallen under the Jewish label.”; January 25, 2009 8:25 AM
Ponto said...: Jews seem to be extraordinarily powerful and fecund judging by the 20% Sephardic contribution claimed by the study.

I am of the belief that the people called Jews today have very little Near Eastern contribution. Jews are mostly the descendants of converts originally from North Africa and southern Europe. Sephardic Jews are a mix of Iberians, North African Berbers, other Mediterraneans and some Arabians. The J1 and J2 present in Jews shows their Mediterranean origins since both of those clades of J originated in the Near East, the eastern side of the Mediterranean, the Levantine/Fertile Crescent area and moved west and south of the Mediterranean Sea even before the Neolithic agricultural movement probably by sea travel.

The assumption made by everyone is that J1, J2, the E clades common in Europe, and G only came to Europe at or after the Neolithic age. But that is an assumption not really born by facts except the high frequencies of J1 and J2 and the others in the Near East. R1b is very common in South west Europe, and the western littoral of Europe but it originated in Central Asia but is more diversified, though much lower in frequency in Eastern Europe showing that R1b's origin in Central Asia. Haplogroup I originated in the same Eastern Mediterranean zone as J1 and J2 but is now mostly found in Europe. High frequencies don't prove point of origin only where the haplogroup is common.

It is my opinion that J1, J2, the E clades existed in Europe in the Mesolithic but never had the reproductive success of R1b, R1a and I in Europe, and became marginalised in the south after the movement of peoples out of the refuges after the LGM.; March 24, 2009 5:01 AM
Anonymous said...: Yeah, they make a bad job in their conclusions, how to they can say that all J is of jewish origin, that hipocrisy, and pure lie.; June 4, 2009 10:50 AM
Anonymous said...: Sephardic jewish are not the descendants of Jacob, Israel. They decent of the edomites, who were forced to convert to the hebrew´s monotheism in the era of Maccabees. Their biblical father was Esau, and their haplogroup is E.

The haplogroup J is one of the ancient Israel.

The Gothic Peoples & Their Possible Connection to Our Lines,
by Stan St. Clair

Jewish males generally belong to haplogroup E3b, into which one member of our project fits, and Cohens, said to be descendants of Moses’ brother, Aaron, of the tribe of Levi, are haplogroup J.

E3b, however, may not have been around from the beginning of the history of Israel. The Bene Israel, a Jewish community in Western India, also has traditions of Jewish descent, and members have a high frequency of the Cohen Modal Haplotype J, substantiating these claims. They lack haplogroup E3b, and the authors of the linked study suggest that they split from other Jews before E3b entered the Jewish gene pool.

The emergence of Y-chromosome haplogroup J1e among Arabic-speaking populations

Jacques Chiaroni,^1,^* Roy J King,² Natalie M Myres,³ Brenna M Henn,⁴ Axel Ducourneau,¹ Michael J Mitchell,⁵ Gilles Boetsch,¹ Issa Sheikha,⁶ Alice A Lin,² Mahnoosh Nik-Ahd,² Jabeen Ahmad,² Francesca Lattanzi,⁷ Rene J Herrera,⁸ Muntaser E Ibrahim,⁹ Aaron Brody,¹⁰ Ornella Semino,¹¹ Toomas Kivisild,¹² and Peter A Underhill²

Author information ► Article notes ► Copyright and License information ►

This article has been cited by other articles in PMC.

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Abstract

Haplogroup J1 is a prevalent Y-chromosome lineage within the Near East. We report the frequency and YSTR diversity data for its major sub-clade (J1e). The overall expansion time estimated from 453 chromosomes is 10000 years. Moreover, the previously described J1 (DYS388=13) chromosomes, frequently found in the Caucasus and eastern Anatolian populations, were ancestral to J1e and displayed an expansion time of 9000 years. For J1e, the Zagros/Taurus mountain region displays the highest haplotype diversity, although the J1e frequency increases toward the peripheral Arabian Peninsula.

The southerly pattern of decreasing expansion time estimates is consistent with the serial drift and founder effect processes. The first such migration is predicted to have occurred at the onset of the Neolithic, and accordingly J1e parallels the establishment of rain-fed agriculture and semi-nomadic herders throughout the Fertile Crescent. Subsequently, J1e lineages might have been involved in episodes of the expansion of pastoralists into arid habitats coinciding with the spread of Arabic and other Semitic-speaking populations.

Keywords: Y-chromosome haplogroup J1e, Neolithic, Arabic languages, pastoralism

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Introduction

Tracing the origin and expansion of pastoral nomadism in the Middle East has widespread significance for understanding the development of the civilizations of the ancient Near East and the spread of the Semitic languages throughout the Levant, the Arabian Peninsula and Mesopotamia. Y-chromosome analyses of modern populations of the Middle East can contribute to the delineation of the demographic and migration processes in this region. The predominant categories of Y chromosomes in this region are varieties associated with haplogroup J-M304. This haplogroup essentially bifurcates into two main sub-clades, J1-M267 and J2-M172.¹

Previous studies of J1-M267^{2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7} have found it to occur at high frequencies among the Arabic-speaking populations of the Middle East, conventionally interpreted as reflecting the spread of Islam in the first millennium CE.⁸ However, before the middle first millennium CE, a variety of Semitic languages were spoken throughout the Middle East. Recently, historical linguists⁹ have constructed novel classification trees of the Semitic languages in which the first split from the root of Proto-Semitic separated into East Semitic (Akkadian, Assyrian, Babylonian and Eblaite) and West Semitic. West Semitic then partitions into Ethiopic, Modern South Arabian (spoken in areas of Oman and Yemen) and the core cluster of Central Semitic. Central Semitic would then include the languages of Yemen (Old South Arabian), Arabic and the Northwest Semitic languages of the Levant – Ugaritic, Hebrew, Phoenician and Aramaic.^{9, 10, 11, 12} Not only have linguists reconstructed the phylogeny of Semitic languages, but also they have dated Proto-Semitic's age to the Chalcolithic Era, circa 5500-3500 BCE.¹³

In addition to the common Semitic language substrate found throughout the Levant and Arabian Peninsula, recent archeological studies have shown an early presence (ca. 6000–7000 BCE) of domesticated herding in the arid steppe desert regions.¹⁴

We recently showed an inverse correlation between J1-M267 frequency and mean annual rainfall in the Middle East populations.¹⁵ This finding was interpreted as a founder effect associated with small groups of Neolithic herder–hunters moving into the arid regions of the Arabian Peninsula with a pastoral economy, whereas another ancestral population with a closely associated sister clade, J2a-M410, remained mainly in the regions of the Fertile Crescent that had sufficient rainfall to support a Neolithic farming economy. Although humidity levels fluctuated during the Holocene, the present climatic regime in Arabia was established ∼5000 years ago.¹⁶ Marginal habitats such as desert regions that were plausibly colonized by a few founders result not only in reduced genetic diversity but may also reduce linguistic diversity as evidenced by the broad geographical footprint of the Arabic language in the arid regions of the Middle East.

Although considerable sub-haplogroup diversification has been previously described within the J2-M172 clade,¹⁷ the occurrence of J1-M267 affiliated subtypes at frequencies exceeding a few percentage has not yet been reported.¹⁸ Here, we present the phylogeographical and haplotype diversity data from a major sub-clade of J1-M267 that is defined by the J1e-Page08 (aka P58) SNP.^{19, 20}

Hereafter, we shall refer to this major sub-clade as simply J1e.

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Materials and methods

The nomenclature used for haplogroup labeling is in agreement with YCC conventions and a recent update.¹⁶ All samples designated as haplogroup J1 were determined to be derived at M267. Chromosomes labeled as J1^* are J1(xJ1e). Our study involves a total of 553 haplogroup J1 samples involving 38 populations (Supplementary Table 1). These distribute to 494 J1e-derived and 59 J1^* samples. The majority of the samples were experimentally analyzed for the haplogroup J1e-defining SNP by either RFLP or DHPLC methodology, except for 55 reported as being of J1 membership from the Sudanese from Khartoum; Amhara from Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; and Iraqis from Nassiriya.¹⁸ These were inferred to belong to J1e based on companion YSTR haplotype data. The criteria to deduce J1e status involved the filter of DYS388 ≥15 repeats and YCAII A, B allele sizes of either 19, 22 or 22, 22.

The haplotype data used in our analyses are given in Supplementary Table 2. The following eight loci, DYS19, DYS389I, DYS389II, DYS390, DYS391, DYS392, DYS393 and DYS439, were used to estimate expansion times using the methodology described by Zhivotovsky et al.²¹ as modified according to Sengupta et al.¹⁷ A microsatellite evolutionary effective mutation rate of 6.9 × 10^–4 was used. Networks were constructed by the median joining method using Network 4.5.0.2, where ɛ=0 and microsatellite loci were weighted proportionally to the inverse of the repeat variance observed in each haplogroup.²² For J1^* chromosomes, the network included the following nine loci: DYS19, DYS388, DYS389I, DYS389II, DYS390, DYS391, DYS392, DYS393 and DYS439. With the exclusion of DYS388, the same eight STR loci were also used to construct a network for haplogroup J1e-affiliated chromosomes.

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Results and discussion

Figure 1a shows the geographical location of populations included in this study. J1^* chromosomes have their maximal frequency in the Taurus and Zagros mountain regions of Eastern Anatolia, Northern Iraq and Western Iran (Figure 1c). It is noted that the J1^* chromosomes frequently appear in combination with the 12 or 13 repeat pattern at DYS388, whereas the J1e chromosomes almost always display 15 or more repeats. Therefore, the J1e SNP information supports the previous inference that J1 chromosomes linked with DYS388=13 repeats share a common ancestry.¹ Network analysis of J1^* chromosomes (Figure 2a) show a bifurcating substructure. One cluster is associated with DYS388=15 and DYS390 >23 repeats and the other cluster with DYS388=13 repeats.

The locale of highest J1^* frequency occurs in the vicinity of eastern Anatolia (Figure 1c). Both J1^* and J1e occur in Sudan and Ethiopia (Supplementary Table 1). Our data show that the YCAII 22-22 allele state is closely associated with J1e (Supplementary Table 2). Interestingly, in Ethiopia, all Cushitic Oromo and ∼29% of Semitic Amharic J1 chromosomes are J1^*.

Figure 1

(a) Red symbols indicate the geographical locations of 36 populations analyzed. (b) Interpolated spatial contours of annual precipitation (mm) distribution. (c) Interpolated J1^* frequency spatial distribution. (d) Interpolated J1e frequency spatial ...

Figure 2

(a) Median-joining network for J1^* using the nine-locus Y-STR haplotypes. Networks were weighted according to Qamar et al.²² Loci analyzed included DYS19, DYS388, DYS389I, DYS389II, DYS390, DYS391, DYS392, DYS393 and DYS439. (b) Median-joining ...

Table 1 shows the average variance and expansion times of J1e with their linguistic and archeological correlates from those populations with five or more samples; the Assyrians of Syria, Iraq, Turkey and Iran were amalgamated into one group and the Arab populations of Qatar, UAE and Saudi Arabia were also combined.

The mean variance across the 19 populations in Table 1 correlates significantly with latitude (r=0.36, P<0.035, two-tailed Kendall's τ) and nonsignificantly with longitude (r=0.02, NS). This result supports the hypothesis that the origin of J1e is likely in the more northerly populations in Table 1 and spreads southward into the Arabian Peninsula (Figure 1f).

The high YSTR variance of J1e in Turks and Syrians (Table 1, Figure 1e) supports the inference of an origin of J1e in nearby eastern Anatolia. Moreover, the network analysis of J1e haplotypes (Figure 2b) shows that some of the populations with low diversity, such as Bedouins from Israel, Qatar, Sudan and UAE, are tightly clustered near high-frequency haplotypes suggesting founder effects with star burst expansion in the Arabian Desert.

Table 1

J1e and J1^* expansion time, mean YSTR variance based on DYS19, DYS390, DYS391, DYS392, DYS393, DYS389I, DYS389II and DYS439, linguistic and archeological correlates by population

The series of expansion times (Table 1) is also consistent with a subsequent Neolithic range expansion of J1e from a geographical zone, including northeast Syria, northern Iraq and eastern Turkey toward Mediterranean Anatolia, Ismaili from southern Syria, Jordan, Palestine and northern Egypt. Although there is a trend between the mean variances and the expansion time estimates, the latter do not uniformly increase with variance (Table 1) as some populations likely have more than one J1e founder. Support for this explanation involves cases in which there is the presence of two distinct varieties of YCAII chromosomes, namely, 19, 22 and 22, 22, whereas those with low mean diversity typically just reflect the 22, 22 class (Supplementary Table 2). A network analysis of J1e chromosomes (Figure 2b) also reflects situations of multiple founders.

Although the haplogroup diversification within J1e remains incomplete, the somewhat rare J1e1-M368 provides an insight into the geographical origin of J1e. It has been reported both in the Black Sea region of Turkey¹ and Dagestan in the northeast Caucasus.¹⁸ Furthermore, J1e1-M368 displays the YCAII 19-22 pattern. Although the haplogroup relationships of YCAII alleles are unstable, nevertheless in the context of haplogroup J1, they are suggestive that the prevalent YCAII 22-22 variety may have evolved from a YCAII 19-22 ancestor.

Table 1 lists the current languages and the first millennium BCE Iron Age languages spoken in the geographical regions from which the samples were collected. Tracking back to the Iron Age, all the branches of the Central Semitic languages are represented – NW Semitic, Arabic and Old South Arabian in the Levantine and Yemeni sampling regions. The Assyrian samples and Iraqi Kurdish samples have been drawn from areas in Northern Mesopotamia speaking East Semitic languages at the time. The current data suggest an origin of J1e in the general area of eastern Turkey/northern Iraq associated with the Zarzian horizon,^{23, 24, 25} as they have similar early pre-agricultural expansions (16 kya, Table 1).

The timing and geographical distribution of J1e is representative of a demic expansion of agriculturalists and herder–hunters from the Pre-Pottery Neolithic B to the late Neolithic era.^{24, 26} The higher variances observed in Oman, Yemen and Ethiopia suggest either sampling variability and/or demographic complexity associated with multiple founders and multiple migrations. The expansion time associated with Yemen is somewhat older (7000 BCE) and may reflect a migration of herders into southern Arabia.²⁷ Finally, the more recent expansion times (Table 1) observed in Arabs from the Arabian Peninsula, Negev Bedouins and Sunni Arabs from Hama, Syria, are consistent with a subsequent Chalcolithic/Early Bronze Age (3000–5000 BCE) advance of J1e to the Arab populations of Arabia from near the early attested Arabian-speaking area of Tayma in north central Arabia^{28, 29} (Figure 1f).

A comparison of the mean annual rainfall and spatial frequency distribution of J1e (Figures 1b and d respectively) indicates J1e peaks in the arid regions of the Arabian Peninsula. We performed a nonparametric Mann–Whitney test to address the hypothesis: is the frequency of J1e higher in arid regions (≤300mm) compared with regions with more rainfall in our sample set of African and Near Eastern populations? We found that the frequency of J1e was significantly greater in the arid than in the non-arid populations (P=0.0035). By combining all the arid populations (Supplementary Table 1) into one sample (n=16), we circumvented the details of the geographic frequency distribution, such that the J1e frequency pattern was examined primarily with regard to precipitation rather than geography, although the two are correlated.

Although most post-Last Glacial Maximum recolonization events have a typically northward signature,^{30, 31} our J1e results provide an example of a southward spread during the early Holocene. Although J1e is one of the most frequent haplogroups in the region, haplogroup E-M123 also shows its highest frequency and haplotype diversity in regions of the Fertile Crescent, decreasing toward the Arabian Peninsula.^{1, 2, 6} This co-distribution pattern of Y-chromosome haplogroups J1e and E-M123 resembles mtDNA haplogroups J1b and (PreHV)1 distributions that also display low levels of diversity despite their high frequency in Saudi Arabia.^{32, 33}

Although on a broad scale the haplogroup J1e frequency distribution and expansion times are consistent with the model that it tracks a possible expansion of Neolithic agro-pastoralists from the Fertile Crescent into the arid Arabian Peninsula, several caveats must be considered.

First, the patchy distribution of J1e frequency in the Levant (Syria, Jordan, Israel and Palestine) may reflect the complex demographic dynamics of religion and ethnicity in the region. Second, even though the highest YSTR variance of J1e lineages is in eastern Anatolia, northern Iraq and northwest Iran, one cannot entirely rule out recent admixture as a contribution to the high variance among ethnic Assyrians.

A recent Bayesian analysis of Semitic languages supports an origin in the Levant 5750 years ago and subsequent arrival in the Horn of Africa from Arabia 2800 years ago,¹¹ thus providing an indirect support of our phylogenetic clock estimates.

It is important to note that the glottochronological dates yield estimates for the break-up and expansion of the Proto-Semitic language. Proto-Semitic, itself, may have been spoken in a localized linguistic community for millennia before its bifurcation into the East and West Semitic branches. In summary, haplogroup J1e data suggest an advance of the Neolithic period agriculturalists/pastoralists into the arid regions of Arabia from the Fertile Crescent and support an association with a Semitic linguistic common denominator.¹⁴

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Conflict of interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Acknowledgments

We thank A Silvana Santachiara-Benerecetti for providing the Ethiopian samples to OS. We thank Golden Software, Inc, for assistance with the spatial frequency maps. This work was supported by a grant from the France-Stanford Center for Interdisciplinary Studies to RK and OHLL, Origine de l'Homme des Langues et du Language to JC.

Haplogroup J1c3

In human genetics, Haplogroup J1c3 (P58) is a Y-chromosome haplogroup which is a subdivision of haplogroup J1c. It was known as J1e until February 2010, when a number of mutations were discovered in the J1 tree that made a change in nomenclature necessary.

Origin

A 2009 study concluded that the haplogroup had a more Northern origin than previously thought. According to this article, the origin of J1c3 is likely to have been in "a geographical zone, including northeast Syria, northern Iraq and eastern Turkey", spreading southward and towards the Mediterranean. Moreover, the network analysis of J1c3 haplotypes shows that some of the populations with low diversity, such as Bedouins from Israel, Qatar, Sudan and UAE, are tightly clustered near high-frequency haplotypes suggesting founder effects with "star burst" expansion in the Arabian Desert.^[1] The overall conclusion of the study was that that J1c3 spread with pastoral nomads who would migrate based on rainfall patterns from the Zagros and Taurus mountains to the Levant, with the first such migrations occurring during the neolithic period.

Subclades

J1c3 P58 - formerly J1e
- J1c3* -
- J1c3a M367.1, M368.1 - formerly J1e1
- J1c3b M369 - formerly J1e2
- J1c3c L92, L93
- J1c3d L147.1
  - J1c3d* -
  - J1c3d1 L174.1
  - J1c3d2 L222.2 formerly J1c3d1
    - J1c3d2* - formerly J1c3d1*
      - J1c3d2a L65.2/S159.2 formerly J1c3d1a

The P58 marker which defines subgroup J1c3 was first identified by Karafet et al. in 2008.^[2] From early commercial testing, it appears that its associated Y-STR haplotype range spans many of the haplotypes associated with haplogroup J1, and that the majority of the members of haplogroup J1 will belong to this subgroup, with some smaller P58-negative groups.

J1c3d

The expansion of Haplogroup J1c3d is closely tied to the expansion of the Semitic languages, they themselves both linked to the expansion of herder–hunters moving into the arid regions of the Arabian Peninsula.^[1], which is both consistent with J1c3d's age estimate and its parent clade's place of highest diversity.

Frequency

Population	Sample size	J-L147.1
Palestinian	4	1.4%¹
Bedouin	0	0.0%¹
Cohanim	25	8.2%¹
Moslem Arabs		18.5%²

Notes

1.^ J-M267 DYS388=17 YCAII=22-22.^[3]

2.^ J DYS19=14, DYS388=17, DYS390=23, DYS391=11, DYS392=11.^[4]

Frequency

Population/Region	Sample size	J-P58
Middle East		>70%²^[4]
North Africa		>90%²^[4]
Cohanim	215	46%¹^[5]
Israelites	737	13.9%¹^[5]
Yemenis		67%¹^[5]
Jordanians		55%¹^[5]
Iranian Arab	46	23.9%¹^[6]
Bakhtiari	46	10.9%³^[6]
South Talysh	18	11.1%³^[6]
Gilaki	43	7%³^[6]
Mazandarani	46	4.4%³^[6]
North Talysh	43	16.3%³^[6]
Arab (Morocco)	49	10.3%
Arab (Morocco)	44	13.6%
Berber (Morocco)	64	6.3%
Berber (Morocco)	103	7.8%
Saharawish (North Africa)	29	17.2%
Algerian	20	35.5%
Tunisian	73	30.1%
Tunisian	73	30.1%
Ethiopian (Amhara)	48	33.3%
Ethiopian (Oromo)	78	2.6%
Iraqi	156	28.2%
Lebanese	40	10%

Notes

1.^ J-P58.

2.^ J-M267 YCAII 22-22.

3.^ J-M267 DYS19, DYS389I, DYS389II, DYS390, DYS391, DYS392, DYS393, DYS385a, DYS385b, DYS437, DYS438, DYS439, DYS448, DYS456, DYS458, DYS635 and GATA H4

Arabian Plate

Haplogroup J1c3, defined by the P58 marker is most frequent in Yemen-Saudi (65%) It is also very common among other Arabs such as those of the Levant, i.e. Palestinian (38.5%), Syria (30%), Lebanon (25%). In Jewish populations, J1c3 constitutes 30% of the Yemenite Jews, 20.0% of Ashkenazi results, and 12% of Sephardi results.^[4]^[7]

North Africa

In North Africa, J1c3 first entered Ethiopia in the Neolithic and is common among Semitic speakers, with a frequency of 33.3% among Amharas in Semino et al. 2004. It spread later to North Africa in historic times (as identified by the motif YCAIIa22-YCAIIb22; Algerians 35.0%, Tunisians 31%), where it became something like a marker of the Arab expansion in the early medieval period.^[4] Haplogroup J1 may be found in as many as 20% of Egyptian males,^[8] with the frequency of this haplogroup tending to be comparatively high in the south of the country. Arredi et al. report Haplogroup J, apart from Haplogroup J2, in 4 out of 44 men tested (9.1%) from a sample of Egyptians from the vicinity of Mansoura in northern Egypt, and 6/29 = 20.7% of a sample of Egyptians from the vicinity of Luxor in southern Egypt.^[9]

Eurasian Plate

The frequency of Haplogroup J1c3 collapses suddenly at the borders of Arabic speaking countries ^{[citation needed]} with mainly non-Arabic speaking countries, such as Iran (10.40%)^[10] and Turkey (9%).^[11] The distribution of J1 outside of the Middle East is associated with the Semites who traded and conquered in Sicily, southern Italy, Spain and Pakistan. It is also seen in the Black sea region of Turkey as well as in Dagestan, Russia in the Caucasus.^[1] In a study of 259 men of minorities from Iran and Azerbaijan (Roewer2009), 17-marker STR haplotypes resembling those typical for J1c3 were found in Iranian Arabs at 23.9%, and 10.9% in nearby Bakhtiaris. North Talysh (now part of Azerbaijan) had an incidence of 16.3. 11.1% in South Talysh, 7.0% in Gilaki and 4.4% in Mazandarani.^[6]

Cohanim

A further study published in 2009 found new markers and better defined J1c3*(J-P58*). The researchers demonstrated that

46.1% of Cohanim carry Y chromosomes belonging to a single paternal lineage (J-P58*) that likely originated in the Near East well before the dispersal of Jewish groups in the Diaspora. Support for a Near Eastern origin of this lineage comes from its high frequency in our sample of Bedouins, Yemenis (67%), and Jordanians (55%) and its precipitous drop in frequency as one moves away from Saudi Arabia and the Near East (Fig. 4). Moreover, there is a striking contrast between the relatively high frequency of J-58* in Jewish populations (»20%) and Cohanim (»46%) and its vanishingly low frequency in our sample of non- Jewish populations that hosted Jewish diaspora communities outside of the Near East.^[5]

According to Yunusbayev et al. 2006: "Overall, our results corroborate the initially suggested genetic contribution of Middle Eastern populations to Caucasus populations".^[12]

One group which appears to systematically test negative for P58 is the J1 cluster in which the Y-STR marker DYS388 has a low value of 13, indicating that this branch of J1 appears to be descended from a distinct population group. Attention was first drawn to this group in 2003, in "Excavating Y-chromosome haplotype strata in Anatolia," by Cinnioglu et al, who stated,

"Haplogroup J1-M267 occurs at 9% frequency and is also uniformly distributed across Turkey...with the exception of eight samples localized to the northern geographic periphery that all have an unusual “short” 13 repeat DYS388 allele... We propose that this subset of J1 lineages have a unique heritage.... These peculiar chromosomes distribute along the northern tier of Turkey. While this lineage has not been observed in Greece, it has been detected in Georgia (Semino, unpublished results), suggesting Black Sea coastal gene flow."[13

Y-DNA Haplogroup J

All males living today can trace their Y-DNA lineage back to a theoretical Y-DNA prototype, which originated in Africa and is thought to have migrated out of Africa over 60,000 years ago (60kya). Although the Y-DNA is usually inherited from father to son without any changes, occasionally differences arise via mutations.

Since these mutations or variations add up through generations, the differences provide a measure of genetic distance and they record steps back in time. Armed with information about the rates, types and number of variations in the Y-DNA, we can create lineage maps or phylogenetic trees and make calculated estimates to trace our roots back to our forebears (e.g. to find the time to most recent common ancestor, TMRCA aka coalescence).

Ancestral Markers

SNPs (single nucleotide polymorphisms)
STRs (short tandem repeats, aka microsatellites).

SNPs are a change in a single nucleotide in the DNA and occur infrequently; once they occur they are stable and typically define a whole chromosome and become its signature.

STRs change by the number of repeats and change at a much faster rate than SNPs.

By testing the combination of SNPs and STRs in our Y-DNA, we can gain information on our paternal ancestry, ranging from ancient history (thousands and tens of thousands of years ago) with the much slower mutating SNPs, to recent history (100-1000 years ago) with faster mutating STRs. More simply, SNPs allow us to track ancient or deep ancestry, while STRs allow us to track recent ancestry in the range of immediate family history over several generations and the relatively modern use of

Y-DNA haplogroups

Haplogroups are groups or a population derived from a common ancestor. Y-DNA haplogroups are defined by slowly evolving SNPs, and each SNP characterizes or identifies a particular paternal haplogroup or branch of the Y-DNA phylogenetic tree. (Note: mtDNA SNPs are used to determine haplogroups for maternal lineages).

By contrast, the faster changing STRs are employed to determine haplotypes for the Y-DNA, where haplotypes are defined as a collection of variations in STR markers observed on the Y-DNA and can be thought of as a signature, one which tracks more recent genetic history. Frequent haplotypes, commonly known as modal haplotypes can often be associated with defined populations and geographical regions, and can be informative or predictive of haplogroups that also show geographical preferences. For example, from your haplotype determined through the Genebase Y-DNA STR Marker Test, you may already have a prediction of deeper genetic origins and a prediction of your Y-DNA haplogroup.

There are 20 major Y-DNA haplogroups (designated by the letters A through T) stemming in a branching fashion from the Y-chromosome prototype, aka “Y-DNA Adam” (haplogroup A), which may be seen as the root or trunk of the tree (see Figure 3). Each branch and haplogroup after “Y-DNA Adam” is defined by a novel SNP or genetic change. The Genebase Y-DNA backbone SNP Test Panel is used to determine Y-DNA haplogroups and additional panels are available to further resolve Y-DNA lineage into sub-haplogroups or subclades.

The Y-DNA Haplogroup J story …so far

Early origins
The origin of Y-DNA Haplogroup J maps to the Middle East around the ‘Fertile Crescent’, an area also known as the ‘Cradle of Civilization’ since this area saw the birth of many technological advancements that helped humans move from nomadic hunter-gatherers to an agriculture-based society living in one place. The sprouting of some the first cities and empires in human history were contingent on these developments and featured the proliferation of Haplogroup J.

Y-DNA Haplogroup J is a descendent of suprahaplogroup F, which encompasses a large group Y-DNA lineages (haplogroups F-T, see Figure 3). Suprahaplogroup F is believed to have migrated from Africa approximately 50kya. Haplogroup J arose approximately 30kya (see Figure 4) and has been defined by a number of unique Y-chromosome polymorphisms; the 12f2a deletion and the M304 and P209 SNPs.

The precise location for the origin of Haplogroup J is not known, but its prominence in the Near East/West Asia and the Middle East/Central Asia indicates that it likely arose in one of these regions. It is closely associated with the Fertile Crescent; an area spanning the Nile and Tigris/Euphrates River systems, with the Levant (present day Lebanon) in between. This region has encompassed many early cultures and empires from the Stone Age (Neolithic) to the Iron Age and has also been dubbed the ‘Cradle of Civilization’. Societies, dynasties and empires in this broad region include the Sumerian, Assyrian, Babylonian, Egyptian, Phoenician and Persian. Haplogroup J is also particularly abundant in Anatolia (present day Turkey) and the Y-chromosome diversity observed here suggests that this area is a possible source of this clade. Owing to these strategic locations, Y-DNA Haplogroup J is common on three continents: Asia, Europe and Africa.

SNPy trails and the spread of Haplogroup J
Middle East populations belonging to Y-DNA Haplogroup J migrated during or after the Neolithic era to Mediterranean regions and back to Africa; although this did not reach sub-Saharan regions (see Figure 5). This spread contributes significantly to populations in European and African countries around the Mediterranean Sea. Moreover, this migration, also termed a "demic diffusion", is believed to be the source of new agriculture practices, which included domestication of animals or pastoralism. It is also associated with sedentism or the custom of living in one place as opposed to the more mobile hunter-gatherer and nomadic lifestyle. Thus, the movement is tied to the rise of cities and city-states. While Y-DNA Haplogroup J is linked with this important Neolithic demic diffusion, additional migrations subsequent to this provided other diasporic episodes of this haplogroup and its subclades.

The frequency of Haplogroup J drops with increasing distance from its peak in the Middle East (see Figure 6). The highest frequency is found in the Arabian Peninsula, in Yemen (87%) and Qatar (67%). The Levant region, around present day Lebanon, Israel and Iraq, has very high frequencies around 50%. The levels of Haplogroup J continue to drop in the surrounding regions. For example, Anatolia (present day Turkey) has ~40%, the Caucasus ~33%, Iran ~25% and Egypt ~25%. North Africa and East Africa also harbor significant levels (30-40%) of Haplogroup J. While Haplogroup J is found at moderate frequencies in South Europe and regions adjacent to the Mediterranean Sea (5-25%, e.g. Greece ~20%), it is infrequent in North Europe (e.g. 1-5% in UK, Germany and Russia). Haplogroup J is not observed in the Far East (e.g. 0% in China, Korea). It is likely that geographic features helped to create this distribution pattern, where deserts (e.g. the Sahara) and mountain ranges (e.g. the Himalayas) formed barriers and seas (e.g. the Mediterranean) facilitated diffusion.

Haplogroup J is among the Y-chromosome haplogroups with highest number of subclades (mutations). Two major subclades have been examined in detail – J1 and J2. The estimate for origin of the major subclades J1 and J2 spans 20-5kya and their expansion, diversification and dispersal has been the subject of several studies, which are detailed in the next section.

How Subclades of Y-DNA Haplogroup J are determined

The further refinement of Y-chromosome ancestry can be obtained by using the Y-chromosome Haplogroup J Subclade Testing Panel. This panel is based upon a collection of 33 SNPs that identify 33 different subclades of Y-chromosome haplogroup J.

The procedure for identifying your Y-DNA Haplogroup J Subclade is as follows: Your Y-DNA Subclade will be automatically determined for you after your Subclade test is completed. However, if you are interested in finding out how your subclade was determined, just follow these steps: Step 1. Examine your test results from the Genebase Y-DNA Haplogroup J Subclade Testing Panel. Keep track of all your positive or derived SNP states and consult the Haplogroup J Subclade phylogenetic tree diagram (see Figure 7). Step 2. Start with the root or main branch of haplogroup J, which is ascertained by the presence of SNP M304. According to your test results, follow the branches with your SNPs from the Genebase Y-DNA Haplogroup J Subclade Testing Panel. The point at which you no longer have mutations to follow is the branch or subclade of Haplogroup J to which you belong!

Geographical Distribution of the Subclades of Y-DNA Haplogroup J

The following reference maps illustrate how the various subclades of Haplogroup J are distributed throughout the Near and Middle East and Europe.

Detailed Accounts of the J Subclades

The following section provides information on individual Haplogroup J subclades. This is gathered from the current literature and will be updated as ongoing studies are released and progress in this field is made available.

J1. M267

The J1 subclade of Haplogroup J is abundant in the Arabian Peninsula (10-75%), Africa (5-30%) and Southwest Asia (5-10%). It has a TMRCA estimated at ~10kya and expansion from 10-5 kya. J1 is common among Arab populations and has a substantial drop-off in non-Arab countries. For example, in a study of Lebanese groups, J1 was found at more than a twice the frequency in Muslim versus non-Muslim Lebanese. Northern source, i.e. the Caucasus of J1 presumed for the populations in the Arabian Peninsula.

The J1 subclade is found in Africa, but limited to the North and Northeast corner (Horn of Africa) adjacent to Sinai and Arabian Peninsulas. It is not found in Sub-Saharan populations. Semitic- and Caucasian-language populations in Africa have a typically high frequency of J1. Examination of the results for the phylogeography of subclade J1 and its STR variation support two African migrations – an earlier one during the Neolithic era driving Southward toward Ethiopia and a later one (7th century AD) traveling North. The second migration may have been spread by Arab slave trade, perhaps Bedouin groups. Further propagation was likely provided by Muslims in 6th century AD.

The J1 subclade is fairly common in Iran – as is J2 (~10% and ~20%, respectively). Iran is situated in an area that witnessed the migration of populations bearing both of these subclades. The J1 subclade is also common among Jewish populations (a similar J1 to J2 frequency profile as in Iran). The high frequency of the J1 subclade in Ashkenazi Jews versus non-Jews in Europe has led to the idea that this haplogroup is associated with the foundation of this population.

J1 is found at low levels in European Mediterranean countries (e.g. ~5% in Portugal) and bears a Y-chromosome signature closer to a Jewish Modal Haplotype (Cohanim Modal Haplotype) than the Arabian or Galilee Modal Haplotype. Since little gene flow has been found from North Africa into Europe, the presence of J1 in the European Mediterranean may have been spread by sea-faring Greeks or Phoenicians (general area of present day Lebanon) through the Mediterranean Sea. It should be noted the sister clade J2 is higher in Portugal and other Mediterranean countries and the speculation for maritime spread from the Aegean also exists for the J2 subclade. The J1 M267 SNP is associated with the DYS458.2 allele (either a GA deletion or AA insertion in a GAAA repeat) and with an unusually short DYS388 allele (13 repeats rather than a typical ≥15 repeats). These STR variants have been used as genetic markers and their co-inheritance with the M267 SNP indicates they are linked genetically.

The J1 subclades, listed below, have low frequencies detected so far and are likely to be minor subclades.

J1a. M62

The J1a subclade has been found at a very low frequency (1%) in Central Asia. It is likely to be a minor subclade. Check this site regularly for updates on this subclade as new information will be posted as studies become available.

J1b. M365

The J1b subclade has been found at a low frequency in Anatolia (1-2%) and Georgia (~2%). It is likely to be a minor subclade. Check this site regularly for updates on this subclade as new information will be posted as studies become available.

J1c. M390

To date, the J1c subclade has only been found in Lebanon at a frequency of 2.5%. It is likely to be a minor subclade. Check this site regularly for updates on this subclade as new information will be posted as studies become available.

J1d. P56

Currently, no information is available for the distribution and frequency of this haplogroup J subclade. Check this site regularly for updates on this subclade as new information will be posted as studies become available.

J1e. P58

J1e1. M368

The only report of the presence of subclade J1e1 reveals a modest frequency in the north of Anatolia (3.5%). Check this site regularly for updates on this subclade as new information will be posted as studies become available.

J1e2. M369

As with J1e1, the only reported incidence of this subclade is in Anatolia, at a low frequency (1.2%). It may be a minor subclade. Check this site regularly for updates on this subclade as new information will be posted as studies become available.

J2. M172.

The J2 subclade is similar in distribution to J1, but it is typically present at a higher frequency. J2 is distinguished from J1 by a lower frequency in Arab populations and the near absence in Africa. The J2 subclade is highest in Anatolia and prominent in Mesopotamia and the Levant – all areas that served as centers of agricultural revolution. J2 is common among Turkish, Kurdish and Jewish populations and significant frequencies are found in the Caucasus, Iran, and Southcentral Asia. TMRCA estimates for this haplogroup range from 4-15kya.

J2 may be an important Y-chromosome lineage that was part of the demic diffusion and introduction of new agricultural practices into Europe from the Middle East and Anatolia during the Neolithic period. Anatolia could represent a Mesolithic pocket of the J2 subclade, which spread later to Europe in the Neolithic-Holocene periods (10kya) and subsequently featured in the emergence and progress of the Bronze Age (5kya).

Prominent European areas of J2 abundance include the Iberian Peninsula, Italy, the Balkans and Greece. An interesting general feature is that J2 frequencies drop off considerably in the Northward direction. From the Balkan Peninsula, there is a drop in abundance moving into and beyond the Carpathian Mountain countries of Ukraine, Romania, and Hungary. A similar sharp drop-off between Nepal and Tibet is attributed to the geographic barrier of the Himalayan Mountains. In Russia, the J2 subclade is more frequent than J1, but because it is much lower than the neighboring Caucasus region (e.g. Georgia, Azerbaijan) to the South, there appears to be infrequent patrilineal gene flow from the Caucasus to Russia. The Caucasus Mountain Range may have been an effective barrier separating Russia to the North and the Caucasus to the South. See Figure 6 for the sites of these mountains.

As discussed for subclade J1, the diffusion of the J2 subclade into Europe may have been by mediated by the Mediterranean Sea. The J2 subclade is abundant on several Mediterranean Islands: Crete, Cyprus, Malta, Sicily, Sardinia and Korčula (Croatia). The frequency of J haplogroups can distinguish Mediterranean groups (North Africa) (Near East/Arabs) (Central/East/Lebanon) (West). Similarly, using STR data, three groups can be revealed (North African)(Arab/Palestinians)(Mediterranean/Italy/Sardinia). The J2 chromosomes in Crete are more similar to those found in Anatolia than those found in Greece when the DYS413 and other STR data are taken into account. This shows that there are sufficient genetic differences to differentiate the populations and it may represent multiple episodes of J subclade expansion and dispersal.

The J2 subclade is abundant in Iran (30%), known throughout much of history as Persia. Studies support the introduction of this subclade here from Anatolia, with less contribution from the East in the direction of Pakistan. The barriers presented by the Hindu Kush mountains in Pakistan and deserts in Iran, may have limited gene flow from the East. The attraction of the fertile Mesopotamian valley may have favored the migration from Anatolia in the West, thus producing a general West to East migration pattern and spread of J2 into Iran. A genetic separation between the North and South of Iran may have also been aided by the deserts separating these regions. Furthermore, cultural alliances between Anatolia and Persia have been strong as exemplified by Babylonian, Assyrian, Persian and Ottoman Empires, lending support to the idea that there was a strong connection from Turkey, through Iraq to South Iran. It is quite possible that these empires aided the dissemination of Haplogroup J.

The J2 subclade is abundant in India (2-20%), and its frequency peaks in the Northwest region. Anatolia is most likely the source of this subclade in India, again consistent with the West to East flow of J2. The date of this invasion points to a period during or after the Neolithic era. J2 lineage is also found in SW India with an interesting frequency trend: a higher fraction of J2 in the higher castes and decreasing amounts in lower castes.

J2a. M410

The J2a subclade is present in the Middle East and Southcentral Asia (~4%), the latter of which includes India and Nepal. In India, there is a general trend for increased J2a frequency in higher castes. It has also been found in Crete (1-2%).

J2a1. M47

The J2a1 subclade is found at low levels in Anatolia (1-4%) and Georgia (2%). In the Middle East, it has been detected at similar levels in Iran, Iraq, Qatar and the United Arab Emirates. This appears to be a relatively low frequency J subclade.

J2a2. M67

This subclade is abundant in the Caucasus (Georgia 13%, Azerbaijan 4%) and is ancient group – TMRCA estimates at 12kya. It has also been found at appreciable levels (1-8%) in Anatolia, with preponderance in the Northwest as well as in Italy (~5%) and the Iberian Peninsula (2-3%). This has led to proposals for migration over land from Anatolia via the Bosphorus Isthmus or over the Mediterranean Sea. Notably, 10% of the Y-chromosomes on Crete are of this variety. J2a2 is also found in the Arabian Peninsula, Iraq, Lebanon, Pakistan and India. Significant frequencies (10-20%) are also found in Jewish populations.

In some cases, unique DYS alleles have also been used for J2 sub-classification. The J2a2 subclade is linked to a DYS413 deletion allele (repeat length ≤18), which has been frequently treated as a UEP. A proportion of males with J2a1 (M47) also have this allele. This would be consistent with DYS413≤18 as parent chromosome to the chromosomes carrying the M67 and M47 SNPs. (DYS413≤18 has not been found in the M12 J2b subclade).

J2a2a. M92

The estimated TMRCA is 9kya for the J2a2 subclade. Its distribution has been recorded in Italy (5%), Anatolia (~4%) and the Balkan Peninsula (~3%). Notable levels have also been located in South Iran, Iraq, Pakistan and Northwest India. Its presence in Europe, may indicate that the Bosphorus Isthmus was a migratory route (see also J2a2). Alternatively, the Mediterranean Sea could have been used for the spread of this subclade. It has been found in Ashkenazi Jews, but not Sephardic Jews.

J2a2a1. M327

Little information is currently known for the J2a2a1 subclade, but it appears to a minor and infrequent subclade. It has been found in Konya in Turkey

J2a2b. M163

A minor J subclade, currently it has only been found at very low levels (0.2%) in Spain (non-Basques). Check this site regularly for updates on this subclade as new information will be posted as studies become available.

J2a3. M68

J2a3 appears to be a minor subclade with low levels (1%) detected in Iraq and India. Check this site regularly for updates on this subclade as new information will be posted as studies become available.

J2a4. M137

A limited set of studies have failed to detect this subclade and it appears to be a very minor subclade. Check this site regularly for updates on this subclade as new information will be posted as studies become available.

J2a5. M158

Modest levels (1-2%) of the J2a5 subclade have been uncovered in Anatolia, Pakistan and India. Check this site regularly for updates on this subclade as new information will be posted as studies become available.

J2a6. M289

J2a6 appears to be a minor subclade. Currently it has only been detected in the Druze in Israel (5%). Check this site regularly for updates on this subclade as new information will be posted as studies become available.

J2a7. M318

J2a7 appears to be a minor subclade. Currently it has only been detected in Israel for those of Libyan Jewish ancestry (5%). Check this site regularly for updates on this subclade as new information will be posted as studies become available.

J2a8. M319

The J2a8 subclade, defined by SNP M319, has been found in Crete (6-9%), which may be source of M319 subclade, as this subclade is infrequent and not found in many other areas. Presently, Israel is the only other location where this subclade has been found. Check this site regularly for updates on this subclade as new information will be posted as studies become available.

J2a9. M339

The J2a9 subclade has not been studied extensively. It appears with a very low frequency in parts of Anatolia (1%). Check this site regularly for updates on this subclade as new information will be posted as studies become available.

J2a10. M340

The J2a10 subclade has not been studied extensively. It appears with a very low frequency in parts of Anatolia (1%). Check this site regularly for updates on this subclade as new information will be posted as studies become available.

J2a11. M419

The M419 defines the J2a11 subclade. It has not been widely studied, and has been found at 1% in Northern Iran. Likely to be a minor subclade. Check this site regularly for updates on this subclade as new information will be posted as studies become available.

J2a12. P81

J2a13. P279

J2b. M12

The J2b subclade has a similar European distribution to Y-chromosome subclade E-V13 and TMRCA estimate (~4.4kya), which is consistent with a common route of dispersal. It is most prominent in Balkans, Greece and Italy (North and Central regions), reaching frequencies around 5-10%. Present day countries with the highest frequencies include Albania, Hungary, Greece and Macedonia. This haplogroup population may have moved through the Balkans and north into Europe via rivers, such as the Danube. It is present in Crete and the Iberian Peninsula, which could also indicate a spread by sea-faring routes in the Mediterranean.

The J2b subclade is also present in Pakistan, India and Iran (3-4%). It displays a modest frequency in Egypt, Oman, Qatar and the United Arab Emirates (1-4%) and Africa. These trends in Arab populations and Africa are reminiscent of the distribution of the J1 subclade and provides evidence that the several of the J subclades share some history in dispersal and expansion.

J2b1. M205

J2b2. M241

The J2b2 subclade is present in India, where it appears to have the highest frequency among the middle castes (Dravidian and Indo-European). Its overall level in India is ~5% and this frequency drops in half in neighboring Pakistan. J2b2 is also found in Nepal, but no J2b2 has been found in Tibet, providing strong evidence that the Northern spread of this subclade was prevented by the Himalaya Mountains.

The J2b2 subclade is also present in Anatolia, specifically in the southern and eastern regions, which have been proposed as a source of J haplogroups for many regions. An interesting peak of the J2b2 subclade has been detected in Kosovar Albanians (~17%), whereas the J2b2 levels range from 1 to 4% in the Balkans overall.

Within the J2b2 subclade defined by SNP241, there is a DYS455 deletion allele (8 repeats or DYS455=8) that is not found in the J2b1 (SNP M205) subclade.

J2b2a. M99

J2b2b. M280

The J2b2b subclade has so far only been detected in Greece (2%). It appears to be absent from surrounding areas and it is likely to represent a minor J subclade. Check this site regularly for updates on this subclade as new information will be posted as studies become available.

J2b2c. M321

Limited information is available for the J2b2c subclade and the information available so far has only shown it to be present in Libyan Jewish population in Israel (5%). Check this site regularly for updates on this subclade as new information will be posted as studies become available.

J2b2d. P84

J*

Have been detected but at a very low frequency to date, meaning that the major subclades J1 and J2 account for nearly the entire Y-chromosome J lineage.

Modal haplotypes associated with Y-DNA Haplogroup J

Your unique set of Y-DNA STR markers obtained through the Y-DNA STR test is referred to as your "Haplotype". This is not to be confused with your "Haplogroup" which is determined by testing the SNP markers in your Y-DNA through Y-DNA SNP backbone and subclade testing.

When the Y-DNA STR markers are tested for large groups of people from around the world, the haplotypes which occur with the highest frequencies within certain populations are called "Modal Haplotypes".

For example, a ‘Cohanim’ modal haplotype is common among Y-chromosomes in males of Jewish ancestry with the Cohen surname and is proposed to have ties to the priestly lineage from biblical Aaron, and can be differentiated from other Middle Eastern lineages, such as the ‘Galilee’ or ‘Bedouin’ Modal Haplotypes which are associated with Arab populations.

The following table provides a list of modal haplotypes most commonly associated with Haplogroup J. This table can be used to compare to your Y-DNA STR results to see if you match any of the following Modal Haplotypes.

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Y-DNA Haplogroup J2 M172 - Roman Empire

While it has been said before in forums, chats and websites on the internet that the J2 Frequency Map for Europe shows a resemblance to the borders of the Roman Empire, i have never seen an actual image comparing the two. I decided to make one for myself and upload it here. I used the current (2012) Eupedia.com J2 Frequency map and an image of the Roman Empire at its largest extent (about 117 AD). Eupedia.com tells us; "Romans surely helped spread haplogroup J2 across its borders, judging from the distribution of J2 within Europe (frequency over 5%) which bears an uncanny resemblance to the borders of the Roman Empire."

Rober H. A. Sanders

Y-DNA Haplogroup J2 M172, quotes & links. List compiled by R.H.A. Sanders, 2013. ]--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

"In human genetics, Haplogroup IJ is a human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. Haplogroup IJ is a descendant branch of Haplogroup F-L15 which in turn derives from the greater Haplogroup F. Descendants are Haplogroup I and Haplogroup J." Haplogroup IJ en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_IJ

"Various episodes of population movement have affected southeast Europe, and the role of the Balkans as a longstanding gateway to Europe from the Near East is illustrated by the phylogenetic unification of Hgs I and J by the basal M429 mutation. This evidence of common ancestry suggests that ancestral IJ-M429* Y chromosomes probably entered Europe through the Balkan route sometime before the Last Glacial Maximum."

Y-chromosomal evidence of the cultural diffusion of agriculture in southeast Europe. unipv.eu/on-line/Home/AreaStampa/documento2986.html

"J-M172 can be classified as Greco-Anatolian, Mesopotamian and/or Caucasian and is linked to the earliest indigenous populations of Anatolia. It was carried by Bronze Age immigrants to Europe, and ultimately descends from the Cro-Magnon population (IJ-M429 Y-DNA) that emerged in Southwest Asia around 35,000 years ago"

Wikipedia.org - Haplogroup J2 M172.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_J-M172_(Y-DNA)

"A 2004 study by Semino et al. contradicted this study, and showed that Italians in North-central regions (like Tuscany and Emilia-Romagna) had a higher concentration of J2 than their Southern counterparts. North-central had 26.9% J2, whereas Calabria (a far Southern region) had 20.0%, Sardinia had 9.7% and Sicily had 16.7%. This could be because of the ancient Etruscans, who some think originated in the Near East." Wikipedia.org - Genetic History of Italy. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_history_of_Italy
"From these comparisons, we found that haplogroup J2, in general, and six Y-STR haplotypes, in particular, exhibited a Phoenician signature that contributed > 6% to the modern Phoenician-influenced populations examined."

Identifying Genetic Traces of Historical Expansions: Phoenician Footprints in the Mediterranean.

http://www.cell.com/AJHG/fulltext/S0002-9297(08)00547-8
The Neolithic control section shows nonsignificant results across all haplogroups, except for a significant J2 result in one test. The Phoenician-colony test results highlight only one haplogroup, J2, which consistently scores significantly in all three tests across the range of colonization sites. However, this haplogroup also scores significantly in Greek tests (as do some additional haplogroups), suggesting that the same haplogroup could have been spread by several expansions, which is unsurprising considering its frequency in the Eastern Mediterranean but implies that higher phylogenetic resolution is required for identification of Phoenician-specific signals."

Identifying Genetic Traces of Historical Expansions: Phoenician Footprints in the Mediterranean.

http://www.cell.com/AJHG/fulltext/S0002-9297(08)00547-8
"In addition to Hg J-M410, Hg G-P15 chromosomes, which are also common in Anatolia,29 have been implicated in the colonization and subsequent expansion of early farmers in Crete, the Aegean and Italy.38,46 - 48 Earlier studies have concluded that the J-M410 sub-clades, J-DYS445-6 and J-M67, are linked to the spread of farming in the Mediterranean Basin,38,47 with a likely origin in Anatolia.29 Interestingly, J-DYS445-6 and J-M92 (a sub-lineage of M67), both have expansion times between 7000 and 8000 years ago (Table 1), consistent with the dating of the arrival of the first farmers to the Balkans." Y-chromosomal evidence of the cultural diffusion of agriculture in southeast Europe. http://www.unipv.eu/on-line/Home/AreaStampa/documento2986.html

"Regarding Hg J-M12/M102, which is discernable from India to Europe, the M12/M102* chromosomes display a very high YSTR diversity, whereas on the other hand, the J-M241 sub-lineage has low diversity in the Balkans, indicating different demographic histories. Although Hg J-M241 shows high variance in India, its place of origin is still uncertain. As J-M241 has older expansion times in Sicily, Apulia and Turkey, it may have arrived in the Balkans from elsewhere." Y-chromosomal evidence of the cultural diffusion of agriculture in southeast Europe. http://www.unipv.eu/on-line/Home/AreaStampa/documento2986.html

"The PC analysis, from the perspective of population Hg frequencies, reveals a tight cluster of populations not comprising southern Balkan and Caucasian groups. Common to this cluster are lower frequencies of Hgs, G-M201 and J-M410, and higher frequencies of Hgs, I-M423, E-V13 and J-M241. Whereas the first two are primarily Middle Eastern Hgs and have been shown to be associated with the early Neolithic colonization of Crete, Italy and southern Caucasus, I-M423, E-V13 and J-M241, in spite of parallel Balkan patterns of distribution, have clearly different origins." Y-chromosomal evidence of the cultural diffusion of agriculture in southeast Europe. http://www.unipv.eu/on-line/Home/AreaStampa/documento2986.html
"The majority of the Balkan Hg J Y chromosomes belong to the J-M172 sub-Hg and range from 2% to 20%. Both its main branches, J-M410 and J-M12/M102*, were observed; although the first is scattered in different sub-clades (J-M67, J-M92 and J-DYS445-6) with distinct local patterns, the second is most represented by J-M241." Y-chromosomal evidence of the cultural diffusion of agriculture in southeast Europe. http://www.unipv.eu/on-line/Home/AreaStampa/documento2986.html
"Occurrence of J2-M172 Y-chromosomes in Tuscany has been related to the Etruscan heritage of the region." Uniparental Markers of Contemporary Italian Population Reveals Details on Its Pre-Roman Heritage. http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0050794

"There is a distinct association of ancient J2 civilisations with bull worship. The oldest evidence of a cult of the bull can be traced back to Neolithic central Anatolia, notably at the sites of Çatalhöyük and Alaca Höyük. Bull depictions are omnipresent in Minoan frescos and ceramics in Crete. Bull-masked terracotta figurines and bull-horned stone altars have been found in Cyprus (dating back as far as the Neolithic, the first presumed expansion of J2 from West Asia)." The Sacred Bull.

http://aratta.wordpress.com/2012/12/02/the-sacred-bull/

"The most frequent haplogroups among the current population on Crete were: R1b3-M269 (17%), G2-P15 (11%), J2a1-DYS413 (9.0%), and J2a1h-M319 (9.0%). They identified J2a parent haplogroup J2a-M410 (Crete: 25.9%) with the first ancient residents of Crete during the Neolithic (8500 BCE - 4300 BCE) suggesting Crete was founded by a Neolithic population expansion from ancient Turkey/Anatolia." The Minoans, DNA and all. http://mathildasanthropologyblog.wordpress.com/2008/04/14/the-minoans-dna-and-all/

"We reconstructed the genetic structure of the Levantines and found that a pre-Islamic expansion Levant was more genetically similar to Europeans than to Middle Easterners." Genome-Wide Diversity in the Levant Reveals Recent Structuring by Culture.

http://www.plosgenetics.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pgen.1003316

"23andMe has a Y chromosome marker on its custom chip, rs34126399, which captures the spread of agriculture from the Near East to Europe. The G state at rs34126399 is found in most individuals carrying paternal haplogroup J2a, whose origin can ultimately be traced to Turkey 15,000 to 20,000 years ago." The Origin of Farming in Europe: A View from the Y Chromosome. http://blog.23andme.com/23andme-and-you/genetics-101/the-origin-of-farming-in-europe-a-view-from-the-y-chromosome/

"The authors found a weak - but significant - genetic signature among their samples that could not be explained by chance. Many of the samples belonged to a very specific branch of haplogroup J2, which the authors believe points back to distinct migrations by Phoenician traders from the Middle East into Europe and North Africa more than 3,000 years ago." Ripples in the Mediterranean: Tracing the Genetic Origins of the Phoenicians.

http://blog.23andme.com/ancestry/ripples-in-the-mediterranean-tracing-the-genetic-origins-of-the-phoenicians/

"R1b3 frequency was found to be higher in the northern part of the country, while the Y-chromosome haplogroups G and E3b1, J2 and I(xI1b2) frequencies were higher in the south and in the central part of the country, respectively."

Uniparental Markers of Contemporary Italian Population Reveals Details on Its Pre-Roman Heritage. http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0050794

"Bulgarian DNA profile is congruent with those described for most European populations. Almost the entire Bulgarian mtDNA pool is made up of West Eurasian lineages, with just 0.9% of Eastern Asian lineages. It is a similar picture from Y-chromosome haplogroups. About 80% of the total genetic variation in Bulgarians falls within haplogroups E-M35, I-M170, J-M172, R-M17 and R-M269, all found elsewhere in Europe." Bulgarians. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarians

"Haplogroup J2 is most common in Southern Europe, Anatolia and the Caucasus, were it may have originated 18.000 years ago. It appears to have spread into Europe in a number of waves over the course of millennia." 23andme.com, 2013. https://www.23andme.com/

"It has been plausibly suggested that M172 may be associated with the arrival of neolithic farmers from the Fertile Crescent who were the probable predecessors of the Indo-European society which later emerged in western Asia, a "hypothetical" society whose culture and language greatly influenced prehistoric peoples from India to Ireland." Genetics & Anthropology in Sicily.

http://www.bestofsicily.com/genetics.htm

"Haplogroups E1b1b and J in Europe are regarded as markers of movements from southeastern Europe to northwestern and therefore as a potential markers of introduced technology such as farming." Genetic history of the British Isles. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_history_of_the_British_Isles

"J-M172, which occurs as frequently as J-M267 in some Middle Eastern populations, is the more prevalent in Europe." Origin Diffusion and Differentation Y-Chromosome Haplogroups E and J. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1181965/

"The J-M67*, JM92, and J-M102 representatives reflect more distinctive origins and dispersal patterns. Whereas J-M67* and J-M92 show higher frequencies and variances in Europe (0.40 and 0.32, respectively) and in Turkey (0.32 and 0.30, respectively [Cinniog˘ lu et al. 2004]) than in the Middle East (0.17 and 0.09, respectively), J-M12(M102) shows its maximum frequency in the Balkans." Origin Diffusion and Differentation Y-Chromosome Haplogroups E and J. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1181965/

"The diversity within J2 is lower in the Middle East (0.43 ±0.11) compared with both Turkey (0.60±0.07) and the European locations (0.67±0.02)." Y chromosomal haplogroup J as a signature of the post-neolithic colonization of Europe. http://www.familytreedna.com/pdf/HaploJ.pdf

"Based on previously published data (Scozzari et al. 2001; Di Giacomo et al. 2004; Semino et al. 2004; Marjanovic et al. 2005), we observed that another haplogroup, J-M12, shows a frequency distribution within Europe similar to that observed for E-V13."

Tracing past human male movements in northern/eastern Africa and western Eurasia. http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2007/03/10/molbev.msm049.full.pdf+html

We favor the emergence of J2f1 in the Aegean area, possibly during the population expansion phase also

detected by Malaspina et al. (2001) and coincident with the expansion of the Greek world to the European coast of the Black sea."

Y chromosomal haplogroup J as a signature of the post-neolithic colonization of Europe. http://www.familytreedna.com/pdf/HaploJ.pdf

"The M172 marker defines a major subset of M304, which arose from the M89 lineage. It is found today in North Africa, the Middle East, and southern Europe. In southern Italy it occurs atfrequencies of 20 percent, and in southern Spain, 10 percent of the population carries this marker. Both M304 and its subgroup M172 are found at a combined frequency of around 30 percent amongst Jewish individuals. The early farming successes of these lineages spawned population booms and encouraged migration throughout much of the Mediterranean world." National Geographic - Genographic Project, 2011. https://genographic.nationalgeographic.com/

"J2-M172 is more prevalent in Europe where at least five different lineages can be traced--J2e*-M102, J2e1-M241, J2*-M172, J2f*-M67, and J2f1-M92 (fig. 2, Semino et al. 2004)." High-Resolution Phylogenetic Analysis of Southeastern Europe Traces Major Episodes of Paternal Gene Flow Among Slavic Populations. http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/content/22/10/1964.full

"The finding that five major haplogroups (E3b1, I1-P37 (xM26), J2, R1a, and R1b) comprise more than 70% of SEE total genetic variation is consistent with the typical European Y chromosome gene pool." Implications of the role of Southeastern Europe in the origins and diffusion of major Eurasian paternal lineages. http://arheologija.ff.uni-lj.si/documenta/pdf36/36_6.pdf

"Anthropologist Carleton S. Coon is quoted as saying The Iraqi population is without doubt much the same today as it was in Sumerian, Akkadian, Assyrian and Babylonian times. The Iraqi people are a Caucasian people. It has been found that Y-DNA Haplogroup J2 originated in northern Iraq (Ancient Assyria)." Wikipedia.com - Archeogenetics of the Near East. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeogenetics_of_the_Near_East

"Romans surely helped spread haplogroup J2 across its borders, judging from the distribution of J2 within Europe (frequency over 5%) wich bears an uncanny resemblance to the borders of the Roman Empire." Eupedia.com , 2013. http://www.eupedia.com/europe/Haplogroup_J2_Y-DNA.shtml

"It has been proposed that haplogroup subclade J-M410 was linked to populations on ancient Crete by examining the relationship between Anatolian, Cretan, and Greek populations from around early Neolithic sites in Crete." Wikipedia.org - Haplogroup J2 M172.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_J-M172_(Y-DNA)

"The world`s maximum concentrations of J2a is in Crete (32% of the population). The subclade J2a4d (M319) appears to be native to Crete." Eupedia.com 2013. http://www.eupedia.com/europe/Haplogroup_J2_Y-DNA.shtml

"Haplogroup J-M12 was associated with Neolithic Greece (ca. 8500 - 4300 BCE) and was reported to be found in modern Crete (3.1%) and mainland Greece (Macedonia 7.0%, Thessaly 8.8%, Argolis 1.8%) (King 2008)." Wikipedia.org - Haplogroup J2 M172.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_J-M172_(Y-DNA)

"When looking at the diffusion of Haplogroup J2a, M410, westward into Europe, one aspect of this westward spread becomes quite clear. M410+ ancestors used a maritime and coastal route to move west."

M172 Blog - Pronounced Westward Maritime Diffusion of J2a (M410), 2008.

http://m172.blogspot.nl/2008/10/pronounced-westward-maritime-diffusion.html

"Dr. King also notes an interesting correlation with a subclade of Haplogroup J2, M67, and place names in the Aegean, Balkans and Italy while citing a deeper origin for subclade M67 in Northern Syria or southern Anatolia. The age and spread of M67 seems associated with proto-greek substratum in the Aegean."

M172 Blog - Neolithic Migrations in the Near East and Aegean, 2009.

http://m172.blogspot.nl/2009/07/neolithic-migrations-in-near-east-and.html

"Quite a few ancient Mediterranean and Middle Eastern civilisations flourished in territories where J2 lineages were preponderant. This is the case of the Hattians, the Hurrians, the Etruscans, the Minoans, the Greeks, the Phoenicians (and their Carthagian offshoot), the Israelites, and to a lower extend extent also the Romans, the Assyrians and the Persians. All great seafaring civilisations from the middle Bronze Age to the Iron Age were dominated by J2 men." Eupedia.com - Haplogroup J2.

http://www.eupedia.com/europe/Haplogroup_J2_Y-DNA.shtml

"While noting that multiple haplogroups are likely involved in the spread of languages through the middle east, Dr. King noted a correlation between very old Middle Eastern languages of uncertain origin and Haplogroup J2 while at the same time theorizing that Haplogroup J1 may have been involved in spreading Semitic languages through the region. These old languages possibly linked to J2 are known to have existed in Mesopotamia and the Northern Levant and this substratum is sometimes referred to as "Banana" languages due to their syllabic duplication." M172 Blog - Neolithic Migrations in the Near East and Aegean, 2009.

http://m172.blogspot.nl/2009/07/neolithic-migrations-in-near-east-and.html

"Both E-V13 and J-M12 have also been used in studies seeking to find evidence of a remaining Greek presence in Afghanistan and Pakistan, going back to the time of Alexander the Great." Wikipedia.org - Haplogroup E V-68. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_E-V68_(Y-DNA)

"A genetic study published led by Firasat (2007) on Kalash individuals found high and diverse frequencies of :Haplogroup L3a (22.7%), H1* (20.5%), R1a (18.2%), G (18.2%), J2 (9.1%), R* (6.8%), R1* (2.3%), and L* (2.3%).[39] Haplogroup L, Haplogroup H, and Haplogroup R1a are thought to have originated from prehistoric South Asia." Wikipedia.org - Kalash People.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalash_people
"The sister clade to J2a-M410 is J2b-M12. In India and Pakistan, all J2b members comprise the J2b2-M241 derivative HG." Polarity and Temporality of High-Resolution Y-Chromosome Distributions in India Identify Both Indigenous and Exogenous Expansions and Reveal Minor Genetic Influence of Central Asian Pastoralists.

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1380230/

"Lastly, HG J2b2-M241-related microsatellite variance is higher in Uttar Pradesh near the border of Nepal. It should be noted that numerous Mesolithic sites have been observed in this region (Kennedy 2000)." Polarity and Temporality of High-Resolution Y-Chromosome Distributions in India Identify Both Indigenous and Exogenous Expansions and Reveal Minor Genetic Influence of Central Asian Pastoralists.

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1380230/

"J2b has a quite different distribution from J2a. J2b seems to have a stronger association with the Chalcolithic cultures of Southeast Europe, and is particulary common in the Balkans, Central Europe and Italy, which is roughly the extent of the European Copper Age culture" Eupedia.com 2013 http://www.eupedia.com/europe/Haplogroup_J2_Y-DNA.shtml

"J2a is also present in Egypt which was conquered by Macedonian Greeks, as well as Iran, but drops to a small frequency in India, and is there limited to the upper castes. This may reflect its presence in the ancient Indo-Aryans and its survival in the Brahmin caste, or alternatively may be the result of intermarriage between the Bactrian Greek aristocracy and high-class Hindus" Dienekes Anthropology Blog, 2005. http://dienekes.blogspot.nl/2005/12/did-haplogroup-j2a1-originate-in.html

"Haplogroup J2a-M410 is confined to upper caste Dravidian and Indo-European speakers, with little occurrence in the middle and lower castes." Dienekes Anthropology Blog, 2005. http://dienekes.blogspot.nl/2005/11/new-paper-on-indian-y-chromosome.html
"The J2 clade is nearly absent among Indian tribals, except among Austro-Asiatic speaking tribals (11%). Among the Austro-Asiatic tribals, the predominant J2b2 hg occurs only in the Lodha." Dienekes Anthropology Blog, 2005. http://dienekes.blogspot.nl/2005/11/new-paper-on-indian-y-chromosome.html

"One fourth of the Vlach people (isolated communities of Romance language speaking peoples in the Balkans) belong to J2, which, combined to the fact that they speak a language descended from latin, suggests that they could have had a greater part of Roman (italian) ancestry than other ethnic groups in the Balkans." Eupedia.com 2013. http://www.eupedia.com/europe/Haplogroup_J2_Y-DNA.shtml

"The remaining two haplogroups, J2 and E3b, exhibit spotty frequencies in Russians, expected for low-frequency haplogroups. The haplogroups might have arrived to Russia alongside I1b from the Balkans, in which the two are frequent." Two Sources of the Russian Patrilineal Heritage in Their Eurasian Context. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0002929707000250

"Sicily has one of the highest frequencies of Haplogroup J2 (M172) in the mediterranean. J2-M172 made up 33% of the Y chromosome signatures on the island and was non-randomly distributed occurring at higher frequencies in the eastern areas of the island. This distinction was evident in the subclades, M67 and M92, which have previously been linked to Greek and proto-greek colonization. Both M67 and M92 were twice as frequent on the eastern portion of Sicily which displays more archaelogical traces from the Greek classic era. Even the paragroup of undistinguished J2 haplotypes (M172) was more than twice as frequent in Eastern Sicily." M172 Blog - Y Chromosomes of Sicily, 2008. http://m172.blogspot.nl/2008/11/y-chromosomes-of-sicily.html

"In turn, two distinct haplogroups, J2a1h-M319 and J2a1b1-M92, had demographic properties consistent with Bronze Age expansions to Crete, arguably from NW/W Anatolia and Syro-Palestine, while a later mainland (Mycenaean) contribution to Crete was indicated by the presence of of V13." Implications of the role of Southeastern Europe in the origins and diffusion of major Eurasian paternal lineages. http://arheologija.ff.uni-lj.si/documenta/pdf36/36_6.pdf

"The Neolithic component in the SEE paternal gene pool is most clearly marked by the presence of the J-M241 (more frequent in the Southern Balkans) lineage, and its expansion signals associated with Balkan microsatellite variation correlate with the Neolithic period." Implications of the role of Southeastern Europe in the origins and diffusion of major Eurasian paternal lineages. http://arheologija.ff.uni-lj.si/documenta/pdf36/36_6.pdf

"Within India, J2a is more common among the upper castes and decreases in frequency with the cast level." Eupedia.com, 2013 http://www.eupedia.com/europe/Haplogroup_J2_Y-DNA.shtml

"There is a distinct association of ancient J2 civilisations with bull worship" Eupedia.com 2013 http://www.eupedia.com/europe/Haplogroup_J2_Y-DNA.shtml
"In all likelihood, J2a1 originated before the ethnogenesis of the Greeks, and may be associated with multiple population movements from the Greek-Balkan region. However, I believe that it makes better sense to view it as a Balkan-Greek clade than a West-Asian one." Dienekes Anthropology Blog, 2005. http://dienekes.blogspot.nl/2005/12/did-haplogroup-j2a1-originate-in.html

"The higher frequency of J2 in southern Italy and Sicily compared to northern Italy, is also explained by this theory, as these regions were colonized by Greeks, whereas northern Italy was not." Dienekes Anthropology Blog, 2005. http://dienekes.blogspot.nl/2005/12/did-haplogroup-j2a1-originate-in.html
"The propagation of J2b and E V-13 correspond roughly to the ancient Greek and Roman spheres of influence." Eupedia.com, 2013. http://www.eupedia.com/europe/origins_haplogroups_europe.shtml

"The ancient Greeks and Phoenicians were the main driving forces behind the spread of J2 around the western and southern Mediterranian" Eupedia.com, 2013. http://www.eupedia.com/europe/origins_haplogroups_europe.shtml

"Wine making spread to Crete during the Minoan period and then later to Italy with the Etruscans and to Iberia with the Phoenicians. It was an integral component of the economy and social culture of the proto-greek civilizations and the phoenicians who both went on to settle other mediterranean coastal regions. And tracing the spread of Viticulture from its origins to its spread before the Roman period, we can see te highest levels of Haplogroup J2 today correlate with the geographical centres of all these civilizations. While viticulture may not represent the first wave of M172 migrants to Europe, M172 certainly played a strong role in bringing Viticulture to Europe with such civilizations as the Minoans, Greeks and Phoenicians."

M172 Blog - Correlations in the spread of Viticulture and Haplogroup J2, 2008.

http://m172.blogspot.nl/2008/10/correlations-in-spread-of-viticulture.html

"Haplogroup J2b-M12 was frequent in Thessaly and Greek Macedonia while haplogroup J2a-M410 was scarce. Alternatively, Crete, like Anatolia showed a high frequency of J2a-M410 and a low frequency of J2b-M12" Differential Y-chromosome Anatolian Influences on the Greek and Cretan Neolithic, 2008. http://www.atlascom.gr/HELLENIC_DNA_PAPER.PDF

"Di Giacomo stressed the role of post-Neolithic migratory phenomenon, specifically that of the Ancient Greeks, as also being important in the dispersal of haplogroup J-M172." Wikipedia.org - Haplogroup J2 M172. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_J-M172_(Y-DNA)

"According to Di Giacomo's (2004) study, the high diversity of haplogroup J2 in Turkish and southern European populations suggests that this branch of haplogroup J originated around the Aegean, not the Middle East. Additionally, it appears that much of J2 was confined to the coastal Mediterranean areas, indicating that maritime trade, rather than earlier Neolithic agricultural expansions, may have helped spread J2 throughout the Mediterranean world." A reassessment of Jewish DNA Evidence.

http://www.jogg.info/11/coffman.htm

"The two haplogroups most strongly associated with Albanian people (E-V13 and J2b) are often considered to have arrived in Europe from the Near East with the Neolithic revolution or late Mesolithic, early in the Holocene epoch. From here in the Balkans, it is thought, they spread to the rest of Europe." Wikipedia.org - Origins of the Albanians. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_the_Albanians

"Y-Dna haplogroups are found at the following frequencies in Malta : R1 (35.55% including 32.2% R1b), J (28.90% including 21.10% J2), I (12.20%), E (11.10% including 8.9% E1b1b), F (6.70%), K (4.40%), P (1.10%).[23] Haplogroup R1 , E1b1b, J2 and I are typical in European populations. J1, K, F haplogroups consist of lineages with differential distribution within Middle East, North Africa and Europe. The low percentages of J1 are similar to the Sicilian population, suggesting common ancestry with Sicilians and negligible genetic input from both North Africa and the Middle East." Wikipedia.org - Maltese People. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maltese_people

"Timur Serdar and Demircin Sema authored a recent study on the Y chromosomes of Antalya, which is located on the southern coast of Anatolia. Haplogroup J2 was most frequent in this study of 75 unrelated males found at a frequency of 26.6%. The J2 data was consistent with an earlier study by Cinnioglu et al which found 24% J2 in southern Anatolia. Haplogroup T (K* in the study) was next most frequent at 13.3% and this data differed from Cinnioglu's data which found only 3.3% Haplogroup K in southern Anatolia. The first record of Antalya was as Attalia, a greek city founded approximately 150BC by Attalos II, King of Pergamon."

M172 Blog - Haplogroup J2, M172 in Antalya, Turkish Republic, 2009.

http://m172.blogspot.nl/2009/06/haplogroup-j2-m172-in-antalya-turkish.html

"In 2004, two geneticists educated at Harvard University and leading scientists of the National Geographic Genographic Project, Dr. Pierre Zalloua and Dr. Spencer Wells, identified "the haplogroup of the Phoenicians" as haplogroup J2, with avenues open for future research." Familypedia.com - Phoenicia. http://familypedia.wikia.com/wiki/Phoenicia

"Di Giacomo's (2004) study emphasized that J2 is "Mediterranean" or "Aegean" rather than "Semitic" in character. It is found predominately in northern Mediterranean and Turkish populations, differentiating the Aegean area from the Middle East in its haplogroup J results. Going further, the researchers maintained that certain sub-clades of J2 appear to have originated well after the beginning of the Neolithic revolution and around the Aegean, spreading out to the rest of Europe during the expansion of the Greek world. It is this final idea - that much of J2 is European in origin rather than Middle Eastern - that complicates the interpretation of Jewish J2 results. Sub-clade J-M102* originated in the southern part of the Balkans and is generally absent in Middle Eastern populations (Semino et al. 2004). Ashkenazim have a 1.2% frequency of J-M102 and Sephardim have 2.4%. These results argue in favor of European gene flow into the Jewish community." A reassessment of Jewish DNA Evidence.

http://www.jogg.info/11/coffman.htm

"The strong western (-0.82) but weak southern (-0.37) orientation of J2 is unexpected if J2 came to Germany from the Balkans, but is consistent with a maritime mode of propagation of this haplogroup. Interestingly, the J2 frequencies in French (5-17.3%), Dutch (6.2%) and Belgian (5.0%) samples all exceed the German average (4.0%), so they are probably consistent with this interpretation. We really need to differentiate between J2a and J2b clades in this area, since J2a may hold the promise of reflecting maritime colonization (as its high frequency in coastal and island southern Europe suggests) or Roman descendants, while J2b may hold the signal of an expansion out of the Balkan area." Dienekes Anthropology Blog, 2008. http://dienekes.blogspot.nl/2008/04/haplogroup-correlations-in-germans.html

"In deze studie wordt een tot nu toe niet bekende concentratie van de haplogroepen J in oostelijk Brabant aangetroffen. Het betreft hier voornamelijk J2 en oude, gevestigde families. Het is niet onmogelijk dat hier sprake is van families van nazaten van ´Romeinse´soldaten. Ook in het grensgebied van Engeland en Schot+and is een concentratie van J2 families gevonden. In dat gebied zijn ook resten van tempels van de Iraanse god Mitras bekend en blijkt er een boogschuttereenheid uit het Midden/Oosten gelegerd geweest te zijn. Romeinse aanwezigheid in het land van Cuijck en aan de randen van de Peel (de naam is afkomstig van de naam die de Romeinen aan het gied gaven: Locus Paludosus ofwel moerassige streek) is bekend, zoals ook landmetingen van militairen die zich er gevestigd hadden en landbouw bedreven." Project Genetische Genealogie in Nederland. http://www.barjesteh.nl/DNAproject.htm

"IE-speaking Iranians have largely the same haplogroups as Arabs, but a much higher representation of haplogroup J2 compared to J1. The converse is true for all Arabs except the Lebanese. But, we do know, that even in Lebanon itself, Muslims have a higher J1/J2 ratio than Christians, and Islam was the main vehicle of Arabization in the region. The Christians are descended from the pre-Arab Byzantine Greco-Aramaic populations." Coastal-inland differences in Y chromosomes of the Levant.

http://dienekes.blogspot.nl/2009/08/coastal-inland-differences-in-y.html

"Results derived from analysis of the non-recombining portion of the Y- chromosomes (NRY) produced, at least initially, similar gradients to the classic demic diffusion hypothesis. Two significant studies were Semino 2000 and Rosser 2000, which identified Haplogroup J2 and E1b1b (formerly E3b) as the putative genetic signatures of migrating Neolithic farmers from Anatolia, and therefore represent the Y-chromosomal components of a Neolithic demic diffusion. This association was strengthened when King and Underhill (2002) found that there was a significant correlation between the distribution of Hg J2 and Neolithic painted pottery in European and Mediterranean sites."

Wikipedia.com - Neolithic Europe. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neolithic_Europe

"The Phoenicians, Greeks and Romans all contributed to the presence of J2a in Iberia. The particulary strong frequency of J2a and other Near Eastern haplogroups (J1, E1b1b, T) in the south of the Iberian peninsula, suggest that the Phoenicians and the Carthagians played a more decisive role than other peoples." Eupedia.com, 2013. http://www.eupedia.com/europe/Haplogroup_J2_Y-DNA.shtml

"This lineage originated in the northern portion of the Fertile Crescent where it later spread throughout central Asia, the Mediterranean, and south into India. As with other populations with Mediterranean ancestry this lineage is found within Jewish populations."

FamilytreeDNA - SNP Certificate (Haplogroup J2). http://www.familytreedna.com/

"Because of your J2a1b association, it's possible your ancestors may have been members of populations which specifically expanded from Anatolia to the Greek island of Crete between 8500 and 4300 BC." Ancestry.com - Paternal Ancestry Certificate.

http://www.ancestry.com/

"The J2 haplogroup can be found in today's populations with notable frequency in Italy, Iberia, Turkey, Albania, Greece and even India, and most likely interacted with numerous cultures, including the Greeks and Romans."

Ancestry.com - Paternal Ancestry Certificate.

http://www.ancestry.com/

"Previously, the presence of Haplogroups J, E3b, and G among Jews was interpreted as additional evidence of Middle Eastern or Israelite ancestry in much the same fashion as the Cohanim Modal Haplotype. However, recent studies demonstrate that their origin is uncertain. Unfortunately, misinformation about these haplogroups continues to pervade the public and media. Haplogroup E3b is often incorrectly described as African, leaving a misimpression regarding the origin and complex history of this haplogroup. Haplogroup J2, as previously discussed, is often incorrectly equated with J1 and described as Jewish or Semitic, despite the fact that it is present in a variety of non-Jewish Mediterranean and Northern European populations."

A reassessment of Jewish DNA Evidence.

http://www.jogg.info/11/coffman.htm

"The unique colonization pattern of the Phoenicians and the isolation of some of their colonies (Ibiza, Sardinia, Malta) have made it easy to identify their genetic signature. The Phoenician population was already very mixed 3000 years ago : E-V22, J1, J2, J2a4b, J2a4b1, G2a, R1a and R1b1a. E-V22 and R1b1a are quite specific to Levantines (Syrians, Lebanese, Druzes, Jews, Palestinians)."

Eupedia.com - Y-DNA haplogroups of ancient civilizations. http://www.eupedia.com/forum/threads/25163-Y-DNA-haplogroups-of-ancient-civilizations

"From about 700 BCE, the Etruscans settled around Tuscany and the Greeks in southern Italy. Etruscans probably came from Palestine and brought haplogroups J1, J2 and E with them. The Greeks in Italy were Doric and brought J2, E, G2a and probably more R1b (see above). The Romans progressively absorbed the Etruscans and Italian Greeks and mixed with them. By the time of Julius Caesar Roman citizens were probably composed of 45% of R1b, 20% of J, 15% of E, 15% of G2a and 5% of I2a." Eupedia.com - Y-DNA haplogroups of ancient civilizations. http://www.eupedia.com/forum/threads/25163-Y-DNA-haplogroups-of-ancient-civilizations

"Haplogroup J2 frequency has been correlated with aspects of the symbolic material culture of the Neolithic in Europe and the Near East (painted pottery and ceramic figurines) and sub-Haplogroups of J2 have also been associated with the Neolithic colonization of mainland Greece, Crete and southern Italy."

The coming of the Greeks to Provence and Corsica: Y-chromosome models of archaic Greek colonization of the western Mediterranean.

http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/11/69

"Previous Y-chromosome genetic studies of Phoenician colonization have demonstrated that haplogroup J2 frequency was amplified in regions containing the Phoenician colonies of Iberia and North Africa in comparison to areas not containing Phoenician colonies."

The coming of the Greeks to Provence and Corsica: Y-chromosome models of archaic Greek colonization of the western Mediterranean.

http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/11/69

"Many people new to Genetic Genealogy think the J2 haplogroup is synonymous with having male Jewish ancestry. One should note that having a J2 haplogroup assignment does not necessarily indicate Jewish ancestry. The J2 haplogroup is far more ancient than the Jewish religion and is found in many lines with Mediterranean region ancient ancestry. Another relatively more recent mode for J2's entry into some parts of Europe from the Mediterranean areas could have been the Roman Legions and Roman settlements."

Worldfamilies.net - Y-DNA Haplogroups. http://www.worldfamilies.net/yhaplogroups

"Sicily is an island which had well-documented and not insignificant settlements by both Greeks and Phoenicians. Moreover, these settlements were geographically divided: Greeks in the East, Phoenicians in the West. It is in the East that J2 has its highest frequency, and not in the Phoenician West."

Dienekes Anthropology Blog, 2008. http://dienekes.blogspot.nl/2008/10/phoenician-y-chromosomes.html

"From these comparisons, we found that haplogroup J2, in general, and six Y-STR haplotypes, in particular, exhibited a Phoenician signature that contributed > 6% to the modern Phoenician-influenced populations examined. Our methodology can be applied to any historically documented expansion in which contact and noncontact sites can be identified."

Identifying Genetic Traces of Historical Expansions: Phoenician Footprints in the Mediterranean.

http://dienekes.blogspot.nl/2008/10/phoenician-y-chromosomes.html

"This blog is dedicated to those who carry the J2 "Y" DNA Haplogroup, with a focus on J2a4h2, also known as J-L25. Our "Y" Chromosome is inherited from father to son. Our paternal ancestors will also have the same signature. "J2 originated in northern Mesopotamia, and spread westward to Anatolia and southern Europe, and eastward to Persia and India. J2 is related to the Ancient Etruscans, (Minoan) Greeks, southern Anatolians, Phoenicians, Assyrians and Babylonians."
J2a4h Blog - J2a4h2 YHaplogroup J-L25 DNA.
http://j2a4h2.blogspot.nl/2012/04/haplogroup-j2-y-dna.html

"Haplogroup J2 among Jews has been erroneously interpreted in the past as exclusively Israelite or Middle Eastern in origin. Among Ashkenazim, J2 occurs among 23.2% of the population, while Sephardim have 28.6% (Semino et al. 2004). While these percentages are nearly identical to Iraqi (22.4%) and Lebanese (25%) groups, they are also comparable to Greek (20.6%), Georgian (26.7%), Albanian (19.6%), Italian (20-29%), and to a lesser extent, French Basque (13.6%) populations (Semino et al. 2004)."

A reassessment of Jewish DNA Evidence.

http://www.jogg.info/11/coffman.htm

"Haplogroup J is mostly found in South-East Europe, especially in central and southern Italy, Greece and Romania. It is also common in France, and in the Middle East. It is related to the Ancient Romans, Greeks and Phoenicians (J2), as well as the Arabs and Jews (J1). Subclades J2a and J2a1b1 are found mostly in Greece, Anatolia and southern Italy, and are associated with the Ancient Greeks." Romanian History and Culture. http://romanianhistoryandculture.webs.com/modernromaniansydna.htm

"This lineage originated in the northern portion of the Fertile Crescent where it later spread throughout central Asia, the Mediterranean, and south into India.J2 is found in Britain, but rarely. It is most common in Eastern European countries, leading to speculation that it is either from gypsy background or, possibly, from Eastern European soldiers stationed in Britain during the Roman occupation in the first three centuries AD.^"

Scotland DNA Project.

http://www.ourfamilyorigins.com/scotland/j2.htm

"J2 has been traced back to the area between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea that comprises territory in northwestern Iraq and Iran, eastern Turkey, Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia. One theory offered for the presence of J2 in northern England is the presence of Roman auxiliary soldiers stationed on Hadrian's Wall. It has been suggested that the original J2 ancestor of our Robson member may have been a Sarmatian horseman in the Roman legions." Robson/Robeson/Robison Family DNA Project (Haplogroup J2).

http://www.familytreedna.com/public/Robson/

"The very name "Van Santen" means "from" or "of" Santen. The only Santen found (now known as "Xanten") is an ancient walled German town with a strong Roman history, at one time strategically located on the Rhine river (the river has since altered course somewhat). My genealogy is well-documented to the early 1500's from where my earliest known ancestor had settled by the 16th Century, near the mouth of the same Rhine river, and the furthest west one could have gone short of crossing the channel to England."

Van Santen DNA Project (Haplogroup J2).

http://www.familytreedna.com/public/van-santen/

"J2 - This haplogroup originated during the Neolithic in Central Asia, and spread across the Mediterranean and the Middle East. It may have been brought to Britain by prehistoric farmers, Greek or Phoenician traders and Sephardic Jews among the Normans and the Flemish - as well as by Roman troops and settlers."

Elliot (And border receivers) DNA Project (Haplogroup J2).

http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~gallgaedhil/

"Research conducted by the administrators of the Border Reivers DNA Project has identified numerous haplotypes in persons of British descent that show Haplotype 35 markers. Moreover, most of these haplotypes appear to originate from areas of Britain near the Antonine Wall, Hadrian's Wall and other places of Roman fortification or settlement. These areas include Galloway, Dumfries, Ayrshire and The Borders in Scotland, and Cumbria, Yorkshire, Lancashire, Shropshire and Staffordshire in England. Many of the Roman troops stationed in these areas came from Southeastern Europe or Western Asia. They included Sarmatians, Dacians, Goths, Syrians, Mesopotamians, Thracians and Anatolians. The Capelli study has shown that these areas also exhibit higher than average frequencies of haplogroups E3b and J2, neither of which is native to Britain. E3b is found most commonly in North Africa, Iberia, the Mediterranean and the Near East, and J2 occurs most frequently in the Near East, the Mediterranean and Western Asia. The fact that all three groups - E3b, J2 and Haplotype 35 - have a similar origin in territories of the Roman Empire, and occur at comparable frequencies in parts of Britain with a known history of Roman settlement, suggests that they arrived in Britain through the same means." Elliot (And border receivers) DNA Project (Haplogroup J2) - Haplogroup R1b (Haplotype 35). http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~gallgaedhil/haplo_r1b_ht35_analysis.htm

"In human genetics, Haplotype 35, also called ht35 or the Armenian Modal Haplotype, is a Y chromosome haplotype of Y-STR microsatellite variations, associated with the Haplogroup R1b. It is characterized by DYS393=12 (as opposed to the Atlantic Modal Haplotype, another R1b haplotype, which is characterized by DYS393=13). The members of this haplotype are found in high numbers in Anatolia and Armenia, with smaller numbers throughout Central Asia, the Middle East, the Balkans, the Caucus Mountains, and in Jewish populations. They are also present in Britain in areas that were found to have a high concentration of Haplogroup J, suggesting they arrived together, perhaps through Roman soldiers." Haplotype 35. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplotype_35

"Haplogroup J2 is the most common one today in the Middle East, but is found to some extent in adjacent regions. The bulk of J2 may have been brought to Britain by mercenaries recruited by the Romans."

Family Banks DNA Project (Haplogroup J2). https://sites.google.com/site/banksprojectsite/the-j-p215-groups

"We now have two members of Haplogroup J1 and 6 members of Haplogroup J2 in the Fox Poject. This is a Mediterranean Haplogroup but exists all over Europe to some extent. The Romans are thought to have brought this Haplogroup to Britain." Fox FamilytreeDNA Project.

http://www.familytreedna.com/public/FoxDNA/

"The Greek and Phoenician presence also brought J2 into France and of course the Roman period also would have been a major contributor of Haplogroup J2 into what is today, France. So although, rare, Haplogroup J2 can be found in local populations throughout France and Spain."

Family Dugas, Haplogroup J2.

http://dugas.weebly.com/dna.html

"The Mediterranean and Middle Eastern group consists of the the two Es, the G and the two J2s. Whit Athey and others have theorized that this group is associated with the Neolithic spread of agriculture from the Middle East into Europe. On the other hand, a more recent paper by Steven C. Bird argues for a Roman origin for J2 and E3b at least." Francis Surname Project. http://www.familytreedna.com/public/Francissurnameproject/

"Sometime prior to that a Bretz ancestor must have come into Germany from the south, from Italy or Greece. Some researchers have suggested a family connection to Fabius Bretius, a Roman General, who came from the districts of Capua and Taranto in southern Italy to the town Trier, Germany around 224. Whether this connection is genuine or not, and it is impossible to know for sure, perhaps Roman conquests did bring Bretz DNA north 1,800 years ago as they did with so many other things. For some additional thoughts on the possible Latin origins of the family, also read the Genealogia Bretius."

Family Bretz, Haplogroup J2.

http://www.bretz.ca/GenWeb/html/dna/Y-bretz/

"Hoewel we tussen de periode van het ontstaan van onze haplogroep/subclade en het begin van de stamreeks de Sanders familiegeschiedenis niet met absolute zekerheid kunnen vaststellen ben ik van mening dat mede door het grote aantal indirecte aanwijzingen een redelijk nauwkeurig beeld van onze voorouders in die periode vastgesteld kan worden. Zo is het hoogstwaarschijnlijk dat onze voorouders in de tijd van het Romeinse rijk naar onze huidige geografische regio zijn gemigreerd. Zij waren waarschijnlijk Romeinse landbouwers en/of legionairs/veteranen van Italiaanse, Illyrische, Thracische of Griekse (Macedonische) afkomst. De indirecte relatie die we hebben met de van Santens geeft sterke aanwijzingen naar de plaats of regio Xanten, een oorspronkelijk Romeinse nederzetting die het middelpunt lijkt van de nederrijnse trojanenmythe. Deze Romeinse theorie sluit vervolgens perfect aan bij de eerstvolgende aanwijzing betreffende de afkomst van onze familie namelijk het Rooms Katholieke geloof."

Family Sanders, Haplogroup J2b2.

http://members.chello.nl/r.sanders20/sanders/

"My conclusion is that we are likely descendants of a Roman soldier serving in either Legio II or Legio XX. This Roman soldier was probably of Balkan (Macedonian, Illyrian, or Thracian) origin. It has been stated that ―The Romans surely helped spread haplogroup J2 within their borders, judging from the distribution of J2 within Europe (frequency more than 5 percent), which bear an uncanny resemblance to the borders of the Roman Empire. More research is needed to obtain a definitive answer but, in my opinion, we are most likely descendants of Roman soldiers recruited from the Balkans (Thrace, Macedonia, or Greece). The Hollywood movie ―King Arthur‖ (2004 by Touchstone Pictures) is a striking example of how our haplogroup could have arrived in Northwestern Europe in Roman times."

mr. R.H.A. Sanders, Haplogroup J2b2, Worden Family Newsletter August 2011. http://wordenfamilyassoc.org/

"J2 has been well studied and can be split into several clades but whose mode of individual distribution is not well understood. Many influences such as Greek and Roman would have played a part."

Wells Family DNA Project. http://www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~wellsfam/dnaproje/haplogroupJ.html

"How our more recent ancestors ended up in England is still a mystery. It could have been a random migration of a single man. During the Roman occupation of Europe many people immigrated there from many areas of the world. Soldiers were sent there to serve military obligations. One of these might have been a man from the Mediterranean area. His descendants eventually took the surname Field and he might have been our earliest J2b2 ancestor." Genetic Journey of our branch of the Field family. http://www.luciefield.net/geneticjourney.html

"Haplogroup J2b is most common in the Middle East and reaches its highest percentages in Turkey. In Europe, the largest J2b populations are in Greece, Albania and Italy. This haplogroup is rare in Britain where it could represent remnants of eastern Mediterranean troops stationed on the island during the Roman occupation."

Munley/Manley Surname Project. http://www.familytreedna.com/public/Munley/default.aspx

"My paternal ancestors were mostly farm workers or self-employed craftsmen of no great social standing. I can trace my line back to the 18th century (confirmed) and as far back as the late 1500s (conjectural). Our Y-DNA Haplogroup of J-M205 (J2b1, old J2b1b) would be considered, quite unambiguously, a potential "Roman Ancestry" DNA signature, being connected in earlier times to the Greek and Thracian Settlements in the Mediterranean basin. As a matter of fact, when confronted with the J2 haplotype by one of his British customers, even Dr. Bryan Sykes of Oxford Ancestors eventually suggested a Roman origin."

K. Pople, Pople Family Association.

http://poplefa.carbonmade.com/projects/4638348

"The J2 haplogroup came to England either through middle Eastern Roman soldiers who were stationed on the island (most common explanation), through Sephardic traders (not many of those), or through the migration to the island of gypsies in the 16th century (only being thought of as a possible source very recently)."

Harvey Genealogy. http://history.earthsci.carleton.ca/harvey/genealogy/dnatestingindex.htm

"As to my family, My Worden branch came from Lancashire England and I can only go back to the late 1400s or early 1500s. The most likely probability is that we are descended from a Roman soldier who married a Saxon woman. There was a Roman retirement villiage right at the area we came from."

mr. Worden, Haplogroup J2b2, 2010.

"As far as our haplogroup goes, J2b2 is still something of a mystery - it's scattered all over Europe, including England, and I have assumed that it had to do with the spread of the Roman Empire. While J (and J1/J2) originated in the middle east and spread in several directions (even to India) it appears that J2b (and J2b2 particularly) seem to be mostly concentrated in Europe, and have probably been there for a long time."

mr. Goodman, Haplogroup J2b2, 2010.

miércoles, 14 de noviembre de 2012

Haplogroup J1 (Y-DNA)

Variants of J1 and origins discussion

J1c3

The "YCAII=22-22 and DYS388≥15" cluster

J1c3a

Tree

Distribution

Caucasus

Northern Middle East

Levant and Jewish populations

Arabian peninsula

North Africa

Europe

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Y-DNA Haplogroup J

Ancestral Markers

Y-DNA haplogroups

The Y-DNA Haplogroup J story …so far

How Subclades of Y-DNA Haplogroup J are determined

Geographical Distribution of the Subclades of Y-DNA Haplogroup J

Detailed Accounts of the J Subclades

J1. M267

J1a. M62

J1b. M365

J1c. M390

J1d. P56

J1e. P58

J1e1. M368

J1e2. M369

J2. M172.

J2a. M410

J2a1. M47

J2a2. M67

J2a2a. M92

J2a2a1. M327

J2a2b. M163

J2a3. M68

J2a4. M137

J2a5. M158

J2a6. M289

J2a7. M318

J2a8. M319

J2a9. M339

J2a10. M340

J2a11. M419

J2a12. P81

J2a13. P279

J2b. M12

J2b1. M205

J2b2. M241

J2b2a. M99

J2b2b. M280

J2b2c. M321

J2b2d. P84

J*

Modal haplotypes associated with Y-DNA Haplogroup J

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